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ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY magistrate in ecclesiastical affairs and passive obedience,'" defined as keeping under obedience in spite of wrongful suffering.'^' In point of fact the blood- less Revolution of 1688 involved no active resistance, and no inconsistency in the London clergy w^ho accepted the new government. It did, however, necessitate subscription to an oath of allegiance to William and Mary while James II was still alive, and it was from this that many of the most consci- entious clergy shrank, though Bishop Lloyd assured them that the oaths were no more than to live quietly under the new king.'^* Twenty-one London clergymen refused to take the oaths and were deprived ; the most important of these 'Nonjurors' being Thomas Wagstaffe, Chancellor of Lichfield and rector of St. Margaret Pattens, who was afterwards consecrated a bishop of the Nonjuring succession. The beneficed clergy were represented by the rectors of St. Martin Vintry with St. Michael Paternoster Royal, St. Michael Crooked Lane, Whitechapel and St. Martin Outwich, and the vicar of St. Katharine Cree. Five curates, six readers, and four lecturers were among the number ;'^* but with the exception of Jeremy Collier, lecturer at Gray's Inn, no clergy- man of first-rate importance refused the oath in London, though Robert Nelson, Kettlewell, and John Bowdler, all Nonjurors, were among the distin- guished laymen of the day. With the ejection of Sancroft and the Non- juring bishops a schism was definitely made in the church."^ It was but natural that London should soon become the head quarters of the party, and under the pressure of the times the doctrine of the new church rapidly crystallized. Freed from the Establishment it broke away more and more from the distinctive High Church theory that the magistrate had power in ecclesiastical matters, and developed that of the Church as a spiritual body."* The episcopal succession was carried on ; Dr. Hickes, the deprived Dean of Worcester, was consecrated Bishop of Thetford, and lived chiefly in London, where his pretensions were well known and partly recognized.'"^ Indeed, during the first few years no attempt at secrecy was made, and forty nonjuring clergymen with Bishops Turner and Lloyd openly attended Bishop White's funeral at St. Gregory's in 1698.'^* Many of the Nonjurors were reduced to pitiable straits'"^ till helped by a fund started by Kettlewell; some were forced by starvation to comply,'*" while others found employment at the various nonjuring places of worship. The first of these were the private chapels of Sancroft and Turner at Lambeth and Ely House.'" Ely Chapel was attended by a fashionable congregation, among whom was Clarendon, until the bishop was peremptorily ordered to exclude strangers ; after which he celebrated divine service at Clarendon's house.'*^ As time went on the increasing jealousy of the government must have made these private conventicles very numerous, but apart from these there were at least thirteen regular meeting places. Hickes and his successor Gandy usually preached in Scroop's Court near St. Andrew's Holborn ; '°' Calamy, Hist. Acct. of my ozvn Life, , 329. "' Kettlewell, Compl. Works, ii, 143. '" Hyde Corresp. ii, 266, 277. '" Overton, Nonjurors, 471 et seq. '" Lindsay, Grand and Important Question about the Church and Parochial Communion, 12. "^ Hickes, Constitution of the Catholick Church, 84. '^' Thoresby, Diary, 20 June 1 714 ; M. C. E. Walcott, Hist, of Par. Ch. of St. Margaret Westm. 46. "' Evelyn, Diary, 5 June 1698. '*' Bodl. Lib. Rawlinson MS. D. 1092. "" Kettlewell, Compl. Works, i, App. xix ; ibid. 163. '" Overton, Nonjurors, 281. '" Hyde Corresp. ii, 300-5. 349