A HISTORY OF LONDON men were attacked, and the Bank was only saved by the prompt action of the Horse Guards.^'* Four trained bands were called out, and the queen com- plained of the riots to the lord mayor ; the ringleaders were arrested and bound over to the sessions,^" but before they were brought up for sentence the Whig Government had fallen and the queen sent them a free pardon. The Common Council by a small majority voted an address to the queen assuring her of their loyalty to the Crown and the Church of England.^'* Sacheverell's sentence of suspension applied only to preaching, and after a temporary retirement to Wales he returned to St. Saviour's Southwark, where he read prayers with great solemnity to crowded congregations whose feel- ings were further roused by violent sermons.^ Directly Sacheverell's term of suspension was ended Queen Anne presented him to the living of St. An- drew Holborn,^"" where he became the leader of the High Church party in London. The violence shown by Sacheverell's supporters did much to alienate the more serious part of the nation from the High Church party, and from any display of feeling. The men of the i8th century used the word 'en- thusiast ' as a term of reproach, and turning from the moral and philanthropic schemes of Nelson they concentrated their attention on the purely intellec- tual side of religion, an insistence which led to the Trinitarian and Deistic controversies. The Trinitarian controversy first became prominent in the Church of England in 1693, when Dr. South engaged in a dispute with Sherlock, who in vindicating the doctrine of the Trinity against the Socinians had shown decided tritheistic tendencies. The question was taken up by others, and so great was the rancour displayed that in February 1695-6 William III issued a letter of Injunctions for Unity,^" while the archbishop's letter of the same year contained many rules and orders. The dispute caused much scandal among the Higher Churchmen, and occasioned a reproof from Bishop Compton in 1701."°^ A little later Dr. Clarke, rector of St. James's Westminster, was the chief exponent of the Unitarian theories ; in 171 3 he omitted the usual celebration on Trinity Sunday in order to avoid using the collect for that day,'"' and was attacked by Convocation in the fol- lowing year.-"* A great favourite at the Georgian court, his refusal to sign again the Thirty-nine Articles""' was the only obstacle to his high promo- tion. Further royal directions upholding the Trinitarian doctrine were issued in 1714,-°* and enforced by Bishop Robinson (1714-23), who in 1718 issued a warning to his clergy against using forms of doxology other than those provided by the Book of Common Prayer.*" The dispute gradually died away, but was succeeded about 1730 by the Deistic controversy. None of the foremost exponents of Deism were incumbents of London parishes ; on the other hand the most brilliant defences of the orthodox position were made by Sherlock when master of the Temple, by Zachary Pearce, vicar of '« Calamy, Hisl. Acct. of my own Life, ii, 228. '" Luttrell, op. cit. vi, 586 ; Kec. Corp. Repert cxiv, fol. 153-5, 182. "* Rec. Corp. Journ. Iv, fol. 169^-170^. "^ A Visit to St. Saviour's Southi-ark (B.M. Pamphlets, E. 1990, no. 8), pp. 6, 8, 16.
- " Sharpe, LonJ. and the Kingdom, ii, 648. "' Calamy, Abridgement, &c. i, 548-50.
- "' Secretan, Life of Nelson, 56 ; Compton, The Bishop of London's loth Conference with his Clergy.
"" Whiston, Hist. Mem. of Life 0/ Dr. Samuel Clarke, 69. "' Wilkins, Concifia, iv, 657-9. "" Calamy, Hist. Acct. i, 266. "' Robinson, Letter . . . to the Clergy of his Diocese. '"' Letter from the Lord Bishop of London to the Incumbents of all Churches and Chapels in his Diocese. 352
