IV. Nominal Stem Formation. Secondary Nominal Derivation. 135
19 r. With the suffix -a is formed a very large number of derivatives which are primarily adjectives expressing the sense of relation to or connexion with the primitive word; in the m. and f. they are, however, often used as appellatives, and in the neuter as abstracts. The first syllable of the primitive word, whether it is simple or compound is in the great majority of instances strengthened with Vrddhi; e. g. mdrut-a- 'relating to the Maruts' (marut-), mdghon-a-^ n. 'bountifulness' {maghdvan- 'bountiful') ', dasarajn-d- "battle of the ten kings' {dasa-rSjmi-); jaitr-a- 'victorious' (Ji-tr- 'conqueror'), tvastr-d- 'belonging to Tvastr'; manav-d- 'belonging to man' {mdnu-), tinv-a-^ 'belonging to the body' (tanu-); sarasvat-d- 'coming from the Sarasvati', aindragn-d- (AV.^ VS. TS.) 'belonging to Indra and Agni' {indragni); yamun-d- (AV.) 'coming from the Yamuna'; vddhryasv-a- 'descended from Vadhryasva', vaisvadev-d- (AV. VS.) 'sacred to all the gods' (vihd-deva-).
a. A comparatively small number of derivatives add the suffix without taking Vrddhi. These are probably to a considerable extent due to transfers from other declensions to the a-declension. Such are tamas-d- (AV.) 'dark- coloured', parus-d- 'knotty' {pdrus- 'knot'), hemant-d- 'winter'; dpak-a- 'distant' (dpanc- 'behind'); hotr-d- 'office of priest' {fwtr-); sakhy-d- 'friendship' isdkhi- 'friend').
a. With Guna are formed tray-d- 'threefold' {in- 'three'), dvay-d- 'twofold' {dvi- 'two'), nav-a- 'new' {nit- 'now'); dev-d- 'divine' {div- 'heaven'), bhesaj-d- 'medicine' {bhisdj- 'healer').
192. The suffix -a is used in a very large number of stems to form the feminine of adjectives which in the masculine and neuter end in -a. Thus ndv-a- {., ndva- m. n. 'new'; priy-d- f., priyd- m. n. 'dear'; gat-d- £, gatd- m. n. 'gone'.
193. The suffix -a/7/" 5 is used to form the feminine from stems in -a, designating the wife of the corresponding male being, or expressing a feminine personification: arany-ani- 'Forest Nymph' {dranya- 'forest'), indr-ani- 'wife of Indra', unndr-ani- 'Queen of the Usinaras', urj-dm- 'Strength' (personified), purukuts-ani- 'wife of Purukutsa', mudgal-dm- 'wife of Mudgala', varun-ani- 'Varuna's wife'.
194. The suffix -ayana- forms a few patronymics with Vrddhi in the first syllable: anty-Syand- (NSi.TS.) 'descendant of Antya', amusy-ayand- {AN.) 'descendant of so and so' {amusya- gen. of adds), kanv-ayana- 'descendant of Kanva', ddks-ayand- (VS. AV.) 'descendant of Daksa'; also the f. ram- ayani- (AV.) 'daughter of the Black One' {ramd-). The derivative uksaft- Ayana-, N. of a man, being formed without Vrddhi is perhaps not meant for a patronjTnic.
195. The suffix -ayT occurs perhaps only twice, forming the feminine from two masculine stems in -i and designating the wife of the corresponding male : agn-ayi- 'wife of Agni' and vrsakap-ayi- (only voc.) 'wife of Vrsakapi'.
196. The suffix -ayya forms gerundives*; e. g. srav-dyya- 'glorious' (Jru- 'hear'). There are also a few other derivatives similarly formed, which are used as ordinary adjectives or as neuter abstracts; thus nr-pdyya- 'guarding
-a is added to stems in -a as to others (the finalvowel of the primitive disappearing before it) and not that derivation by Vrddhi alone takes place here; cp. Whitney 1208 i. 5 Cp. Leumann, KZ. 32, 294. ff.
1 Formed from the weakest stem maghon-.
2 With syncope of the vowel of the suffix.
3 Without Guna of the ii; similar ex- ceptions in parsv-d- 'side' (pdrsu- 'rib'),
paidv-d- 'belonging to Pedu', madhv-a- 'full
of sweetness' {mddhu-), yadv-a- 'belonging 6 These are probably formed from dative to Yadu'. I infinilives in -ai + -ya; cp. Brugmann, Grund-
t It is natural to suppose that the suffix | riss 2, p. 1422 ; cp. also IF. 12, 2.
