Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/274

264 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. Satatamám avivesīḥ. In two or three instances the metre seems to require -ām to be read as - aam ¹, I. There are two forms of this case. In the one, the normal ending - is added directly to the stem and, by contracting with its final -ā, produces a form identical in appearance with the N., e. g. jihvá (– jihvá-ā) 'tongue'. In the other, y is interposed between the ending - and the final -a of the stem, which is shortened, e. g. jihvá-y-a. The latter form is due to the in- fluence of the regular pronominal I. sing. f., e. g. táyā². This form is already slightly the more common in the RV.3, being made from 113 stems4 as compared with 95 which take the older form with -a. In the later Samhitās the I. in -ā is very rare in original passages, the AV. using only five such forms independently5. Both forms are (unlike the N. pl. m. in -asas and -us) comparatively seldom made from the same stem, as jihvi and jihváya. Two thirds of the total number of 95 stems which have the older form, end in the suffixes -tā and -ya, as puruṣá-tā 'after the manner of men', hiraṇyayá 'golden'. The choice of the alternative forms is, as elsewhere, often deter- mined by the metre 6. Examples of the commonest forms are: 1. doşá (13) 'evening', barháṇā (13) 'might', manīṣá (13), mamhánā (11) ‘willingness', śravasyá (7) ‘desire to praise'7. Also aśīr-dayá (TS. 111. 2. 8¹) 'fulfilment of blessing', viśvá-psnyā (TS. 1. 5. 3³; VS. XII. 10) 'omniform'. 2. dhắrayā (53) ‘stream', jihváyā (24), māyáyā (20) 'craft'. a. There are some instrumentals sing. f. formed from derivative a- stems, which are used as adverbs with shift of accent to the ending. Such are: a-datrayd 'without a gift' (a-datra-), ubhayá in both ways' (ubháya-), rtaya in the right way' (rtá-), daksiná on the right' (dákşina-), naktayá by night' (nákta-), madhya 'in the middle' (mádhya-), samana 'together' (sámana-), svapnayá (AV.) 'in dream' (svápna-)8. D. This case is anomalously formed by adding -yai to the stem, e. g. jara-yai ⁹. It is not of common occurrence, being made from only 14 nominal ¹0 stems in the RV. The forms occurring are: a-gótayai ‘lack of cows', a-vira- tāyai 'lack of sons', ukhayai (TS. IV. 1.93) pot', uttanayai (TS. IV. 1.4¹; Kh. v. 164) 'supine', ghşayai N. of a woman, caráyai 'for going', jaráyaj (AV.) ‘old age', tvá-yatayai 'presented by thee', ducchúnāyai 'mischievous demon', putrá-kāmāyai (Kh. iv. 13¹) 'desiring sons', pūtá-kratāyai N. of a woman, manayai ‘eagerness', vispáläyai N. of a woman, siváyai 'auspicious', vetanáyai 'dawn', sunýtāyai 'joy', suryayai 'sun-goddess'. a. Two forms have been preserved in which the D. is made by adding the normal ending -e directly to the stem with the -ā of which it coalesces to ai: mahiyai (1. 1136) 'greatness', sv-apatyái ¹1 (1. 54¹¹) accompanied with fair offspring'. These are formed like the D. infinitives from radical à-stems such as vi-khyái (584). b. In one passage (VII. 1¹9) the form a-virale, for a-viratayai 'lack of sons', I See LANMAN 357 (top). 2 Cp. BRUGMANN, Grundriss 2, p. 629, 783. 3 The corresponding later form in the Avesta is much commoner than the older: BRUGMANN 2, p. 629. 4 This number given by LANMAN 357 in- cludes some pronominal stems. BRUGMANN'S statement (2, p. 629) that the form in -ayā is less common than the form in -a in Vedic, is not applicable even to the RV. 5 The forms are dakṣiná, devátā, doșá, sumnayá, vitta-kāmya; only the last is peculiar to the AV. 6 Euphony also has some influence; thus hiranyayaya does not occur. 7 LANMAN 358 enumerates the homopho- nous instrumentals. 8 These forms may have been due to the | influence of the pronominal adverb a-y-á in this way' (with adverbial shift of accent, cp. táyā etc.); see J. SCHMIDT, Pluralbildung 212 ff., and BRUGMANN, Grundriss 2, p. 629; otherwise BARTHOLOMAE, BB. 15, 20 f. 9 Formed in the Indo-Iranian period, pro- bably under the influence of the derivative stems in -ī originally -yā, i. c. -yái for -ya-e. 10 Also sväyai from the possessive pronoun svá-. ¹1 BRUGMANN, Grundriss 2, p. 600, thinks this form may be shortened for sv-apatyayai.