Page:Vedic Grammar.djvu/29

I. PHONOLOGY. à SERIES. ai AND au SERIES. 19 IV. The ai and au series. a. Gradation of ai. 27. Low grade: 7.— As the final of roots and in suffixes 7 is graded with ai (as with yā¹), which appears as āy- before vowels and as ā- before consonants ². The roots in which this gradation is found are stated by the Indian grammarians in five different forms. They are: a. I. roots given with -ai- (because their present base appears as -ay-a): gai- 'sing': gi-tá-, gi-ya-mana-, beside gáy-ati 'sings', -gay-as 'song', and gā-s-i, 1. sing. aor. mid., gã-thá- 'song'; pyai- 'swell': pi-nd-, beside pyáy-ate; śrai- ‘boil: śrī-ná-ti, śrī-tá-, beside śráy-ati, śra-tá-. -2. with -ay-: cay- 'observe': ciki-hi (AV.), beside cáy-amana-, cay-ú- 'respectful'.-3. with -e: dhe- 'suck': dhi-tá-, beside dháy-as 'drink', dhay-i- 'thirsty', and dhá-tave 'to suck', dhā-rử- (AV.) 'sucking'.-4. with -a-: pa- 'drink': pi-tá-, pi-ti- 'drink', beside pay-áyati, caus., pay-ána- 'causing to drink', and á-pa-t, aor., pá-tave; rā- 'give': ra-ri-thas, 2. sing. injv., beside ray-á 'with wealth', and rá-sva, impv., rắ-m, acc.-5. with --: ni- 'lead': ni-tá-, beside nãy-á- 'leader', and -nā-thá- (AV.) ‘help'; pi- 'revile': pi-yati, pi-ya-tn- and pi-y-i- 'reviler', beside pay-- (VS.) 'anus'; pri- 'love': pri-na-ti, pri-tá-, beside práy-as-e³; -4 'lie'; -st-van- 'lying', beside a-say-ata, 3. sing. 5 b. This gradation also occurs in the final of dissyllabic bases: thus grabhī-şta, a-grabhi-t, grbhí-tá-, beside grbhay-áti 'seizes"; and in the base of the ninth class: grbhni-ta, 2. pl., beside grbhná-ti. c. It is also found in the suffixes -ethe -ete and -ethām -etām of the 2. 3. du. mid. of the a-conjugation, which can only be explained as containing ithe ite and itham itam, with weak grade i corresponding to the accented a of áthe ate and átham átām of the non-thematic conjugation (and parallel to the -- of the optative beside -yā-7). b. Gradation of au. 28. Low grade: ū. As the final of roots ū is graded with au (parallel with vā³), much in the same way as i with ai, appearing as av before vowels, a before consonants9; but the certain examples are few. Thus dhu-nó-ti 'shakes', dhú-ti- 'shaker', dhu-má- 'smoke', beside dháv-ati 'runs', dhá-rā- 'stream'; dhu-tá- 'washed', beside dháv-ati 'washes'. But here au appears before consonants as well as ā; thus dhau-tárī- 'shaking', beside dhu- 'shake'; and dhau-ti- ‘spring', dhau-tá- (SV.), beside dhắv-ati 'washes'. Similarly gá-m to this e that ay sometimes appears instead of ay in some of the above verbs; as práy-as-enjoyment', from V/pri-; ray-i-'wealth', from Vra-; áy-e, 3. sing., from 'lie'. 6 Cp. WACKERNAGEL I, 79 b (p. 89). 7 Op. cit. 1, 79 c (p. 89). 8 See above 24 b. 1 See above 24- 2 ai appears only in the s-aor., as nai-s-ta, 2. pl., ni 'lead', owing to the analogy of forms like á-jai-s-ma, from ji- 'conquer'. = 3 Occurs RV. IV. 217 (Pp. prá áyase (and is explained by BÖHTLINGK (pw.) as = práyase. 4 Perhaps also in "fall: fiyate (AV.), beside śātá-yati 'cuts off', which may be a denominative from *a-tá fallen'. Cp. WHITNEY, Roots, under Vat- and VI -; WACKERNAGEL I, 79 a (p. 88). 9 Similarly in the RV. the -au of duals and of astáu 'eight' normally appears as av before vowels and a before consonants in Sandhi, The nominatives in a of stems and -an 5 In some of the above roots e appears stems, e. g. mātá, śvá ‘dog', are probably instead of a before consonants; e. g. cé-ru- | due originally to the loss of the final r and 'devout', beside căy-ú-; pe-ru- 'causing ton before consonants in the sentence, then drink', beside pay-ána-; dhe-nú- 'milch cow', becoming the regular form everywhere. dhé-na- id.; se-se, beside a-say-ata; ne-tr-, Conversely aştáu has become the only in- beside nãy-á-; ste-ná- 'thief', beside stay-u-dependent form in the AV., asta- appearing (VS.) id., and stay-ánt- (AV.) 'furtive'; séna- only as first member of a compound. Cp. missile', beside say-aka-. It is, perhaps, due | WACKERNAGEL 1, 94, 95- 2*