354 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. mrj 'wipe' takes Vṛddhi instead of Guna throughout the strong stem: mamārj-³. 2. Two instances of the strong stem being used in weak forms occur in the RV.: pl. 1. yuyotimá and 3. vivesur 2 beside the regular vivisur. 3. The radical vowel of bhu- remains unchanged in the strong as well as the weak forms, interposing v before vowels; thus sing. 2. babhú-tha, pl. 3. babhū-v-úr. — 4. The weak stem of tr-cross' appears in the RV. as titir- and tutur-; thus sing. 3. tatār-a, but pl. 3. titir-ur, part. titir-váms-, opt. sing. 3. tutur-yát ³. a. Roots containing medial a leave the radical syllable unchanged in sing. 1. 2., lengthening the vowel in sing. 3.; they reduce it in the weak stem by contraction, syncopation, or loss of nasal. I. The roots with initial ya- and va-, which reduplicate with the vowels i and 24 respectively, take Samprasāraṇa, the result being contraction to 7 and . Thus from yaj- 'sacrifice': strong stem i-yáj-, weak ij- (= i-ij-)5; vac- 'speak': u-vác- and uc- (= u-uc-); vad- 'speak': u-vád- and ud-; vap- 'strew': u-vap- and up-; vas- 'dwell': u-vás- and ūṣ-; vah- 'carry': u-váh- and üh. The root vā- 'weave' is similarly treated in the form pl. 3. u-v-ur (= u-u-v-ur). Samprasāraṇa of the root also appears in the weak stem of svap- 'sleep' and of grabh- and grah- ‘seize': su-șváp- and su-şup-; ja-grábh-, ja-gráh- and ja-grbh-, ja-grh. The roots yam-6, van-, vas- ‘wear' have the full reduplication throughout; yam- taking Samprasāraṇa and contracting in the weak stem, van- syncopating its a, and vas- retaining it throughout: ya-yam- and yem- (-ya-im); va-ván- and va-vn-; vā-vas- (both strong and weak). 2. More than a dozen roots containing a between single consonants and reduplicating their initial without change, contract the reduplication and root to a single syllable with medial e. The type followed by these verbs was doubtless furnished by sad- 'sit', which forms the weak stem sed- (=
- sazd-),
beside the strong sa-sád-, and supported by yam-, with its weak stem yem- (= ya-im) beside the strong yayam-7. The other stems showing this contraction are formed from tap- 'heat', dabh- 'harm', nam- 'bend', pac- 'cook', pat- 'fall', yat- 'stretch', yam- ‘guide', rabh- ‘seize', labh- ‘take', sak- ‘be able', sap- 'curse', sap- 'serve'. The roots tan- 'stretch' and sac-'follow' also belong to this class in the AV., but not in the RV. The root bhaj- 'divide' though not redupli- cating with an identical consonant in its strong stem ba-bhaj-, follows the analogy of this group in forming the weak stem bhej. 3. Four roots of this form, however, simply syncopate the radical a without contracting. These are jan- ‘beget' : jajñ-, strong jaján-; pan- 'admire'
- papn-, strong papan-; man- 'think': mamn-8; van- 'win': vavn-, strong văvan-.
Three others have this syncopated as well as the contracted form: tan- 'stretch'
- tatn- and ten- (AV.); pat- 'fall' : papt- and pet-; sac 'follow': saśc- and sec-
(AV.). Syncopation of medial a also takes place in four roots with initial guttural: khan ‘dig' : cakhn- (AV.), strong cakhán-; gam- 'go' : jagm-, strong jagám-; ghas- 'eat' : jaks-, strong jaghás-; han- 'smite' : jaghn-, strong jaghán-. 4. In a few roots with medial a and a penultimate nasal, the latter is lost in the weak stem 9. Thus krand- 'cry out' cakrad-; tams- 'shake': tatas-; skambh- 'prop': caskabh- (AV.), strong caskámbh-; stambh- 'prop': ¹ The same irregularity appears in the present stem. 2 Cp. BRUGMANN, Grundriss 2, p. 1223¹. 3 Cp. v. NEGELEIN 74¹. 4 But they had the full reduplication in the IIr. period; cp. BRUGMANN, Grundriss 2, P. 12203, 5 In the one form yejé (beside ijé), yaj- follows the analogy of yam-, preserving a trace of the old reduplication ya.. 6 The analogy of yam- is followed by yaj- in the one form yejé (beside jé); cp. note 5. 7 See BARTHOLOMAE, Die ai. e-Formen im schwachen Perfect, KZ. 27, 337-366; BRUG- MANN, Grundriss 2, p. 1222; cp. v. NEGELEIN 71³. 8 The strong stem does not occur. 9 Cp. BRUGMANN, Grundriss 2, p. 12174.
