356 I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. 3. Roots with final - add the endings -tha, -ma, and -şe direct (ex- cepting two or three forms), but -re always with connecting -i-; thus kr- 'do'
- cakár-tha, cakr-ma, cakr-sé, but cakr-i-ré. Connecting -i- before the other
endings appears in ār-i-tha, ār-i-má (r- ‘go'); and in jabhr-i-se (bhr- ‘bear'). 4. Roots with final consonant add tha, ma; se, re direct if the last syllable of the stem is prosodically short, but with the connecting vowel -- if that syllable is long. Thus tatán-tha; jagan-ma, jagrbh-má, yuyuj-ma; dadrk-sé, vivit-se; cākļp-ré, tatas-ré, duduh-ré, pasprdh-ré, yuyuj-re, vivid-ré and others; but as-i-tha, uvóc-i-tha, vivéd-i-tha; uc-i-má, papt-i-má, sed-i-ma; tatn-i-şe; j-i-ré, jagm-i-re, tataks-i-re, yet-i-ré. The only exception is vét-tha, which as an old form inherited from the IE. period (Greek oio-a) without reduplication, remained unaffected by the influence of reduplicated forms. a. Six roots ending in consonants add -rire 3 instead of re: cikit-rire (beside the more usual cikit-re), jagrbh-rire (once beside the usual jagrbh-ré), bubhuj-riré (once), vivid- rire (once beside vivid-ré), sasri-rire (once), and duduh-rire (once in the SV. for the common duduh-re of the RV.)4. b. Vowel endings. Before terminations beginning with vowels final radical vowels are variously treated. 1. ž, if preceded by one consonant, becomes y, if preceded by more than one, iy: e. g. from bhi- ‘fear', bibhy- atur, bibhy-ur; but from śri- 'resort', śiśriy-e. - 2. Final й ordinarily becomes uv; e. g. yu- join': yuyuv-é; śru- 'hear': suśruv-e; śu- 'swell': susuve. But □ becomes v in hū- 'call', e. g. ju-hv-é; and ūv in bhū- 'be' and sū- 'bring forth', even in strong forms 5; e. g. 3. sing. ba-bhūv-a, sasūv-a“. 3. Final - becomes ; e. g. from kr- 'make', cakr-á, cakr-é. But becomes ir in titir-ur from tr- 'cross', and in 3. sing. tistir-e, part. tistir-āṇá-, from stř- 'strew' (the only root with a vowel preceded by two consonants that occurs in the perfect). Perfect Indicative. 485. The forms actually occurring, if made from kr- 'make', would be the following: Du. 2. cakráthe. Active. Sing. 1. cakára7. 2. cakártha. 3. cakára. - Du. 2. cakráthur. 3. cakrátur. - Pl. 1. cakṛmá. 2. cakrá. 3. cakrúr. Middle. Sing. 1. cakré. 2. cakṛṣé. 3. cakré. 3. cakráte. Pl. 1. cakrmáhe. 2. cakṛdhvé. 3. cakriré. The forms which actually occur are the following: Active. Sing. I. asa, uvápa (TS. I. 5. 32), cakara, ciketa (cit- 'observe'), jagama, jagrábha, jagráha (AV.)º, jaghása (AV. vi. 117²)¹º, jihīļa“, tatápa, dudróha, papana, babhuva, bibháya, mimaya (mi- 'diminish'), raraṇa, rirébha, viveša, véda ¹2, śiśraya, suśráva. The TS. (111.5.5') has the Vṛddhi form vavāra (vr- 'cover'). I This is in accordance with the rhythmic rule that the stem may not have two proso- dically short vowels in successive syllables. 2 The strength of this rhythmic rule is well illustrated by the same root vac- having the two collateral forms varak-şé and úc-i-sé; cp. also the unique lengthening, in a weak form, of the radicala in sa-säh-i-şe (beside the usual sāsah-) and the Guņa in yuyop-i-má. 3 The additional may have come into use under the influence of forms from roots in r, like dadhr-ire from Vdhy-. 4 The ending-rire is once also added to a root ending in a vowel: dad-rire, from Vdā-. - — 5 Instead of the normal āv. 6 This is the only perfect form of Vsu- occurring. 7 The I. and 3. of dhà- 'put' would both be dadháu; of vid- 'find', both vivéda. 8 The 3. pl. of vid-'find' would be vividré. 9 AV. III. 183 reads jagráha, but this must be emended to jagráha, see WHITNEY'S note. 10 jaghása here is a misprint for jaghása: see WHITNEY's note on the passage. ¹¹ Also in AV. IV. 325, but written jihida in the Samhita text, but ji in Pada. See WHITNEY's note. 12 Unreduplicated form.
