39⁰ I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. suffix -u. They have the value of a present participle governing a case; thus įyakṣ-i- 'wishing to sacrifice'; jigūṣ-- 'wishing to conquer'; didhis-ú- 'desiring to win'; dips-i- 'wishing to injure'; vivakṣ-ú- (AV.) from vac- 'speak'; siṣās-i- 'eager to win' ¹. 2. Intensives. DELBRÜCK, Verbum p. 130-134. AVERY, Verb-Inflection 230, 270-272. WHITNEY, Sanskrit Grammar 1000-1025; Roots 232 f. v. NEGELEIN, Zur Sprach- geschichte 78-80. LINDNER, Altindische Nominalbildung 10 (p. 48) and 21 c (parti- ciples). BURCHARDI, Die Intensiva des Sanskrit und Avesta. Teil I. Halle 1892; Teil II. BB. 19, 169-225. - - - 545. The intensive or, as it is also often called, the frequentative implies intensification or repetition of the sense expressed by the root2. It is a common formation, being made from over 90 roots in the Samhitas. The stem is derived from the root by means of a reduplicative syllable, the characteristic feature of which is that it always has a strong form. The reduplicative syllable may be formed in three different ways: I. radical i ž are always reduplicated with a Guņa vowel, and å and y (ar) often with ā; 2. roots containing r or a followed by r ln m more usually reduplicate with a and liquid or nasal; 3. a considerable number of intensives interpose the vowel between the reduplicative syllable and the root. I. a. Roots containing or u reduplicate with e or o; thus cit- 'per- ceive': cékit-; tij- 'be sharp': té-tij-; dis 'point': dé-dis-; nij- 'wash': né-nij-; ni- 'lead' : ne-ni-; piś- 'adorn' : pé-pis-; mì- 'damage' : mé-mi-; rih- ‘lick': re- rih; vij- 'tremble': ve-vij-; vid- 'find': vé-vid-; vis- 'be active': r'e-vis-; vī- 'enjoy' : ve-vī-; sidh- ‘repeľ' : se-șidh-; gu- 'sound' : jo-gu-; dhu- ‘shake' : do-dhu-; nu- 'praise': no-nu-; pruth- 'snort': po-pruth-; bhu- 'be': bo-bhu-; yu- join': yó-yu-; yu-'separate': yo-yu-; ru- ‘cry' : ro-ru-; ru- ‘break': ro-ru-; šuc- ‘gleam'
- só-suc-; sū- 'generate': so-su-; sku- 'tear': co-ski-; hu- 'call': jo-hu-.
b. More than a dozen roots with medial ă (ending in mutes or sibilants, and one in m), as well as three with final, reduplicate with ā: kāś 'appear': ca-kas-; gam- ‘go' : ja-gam-; nad- ‘sound': ná-nad-; pat- 'fall' : pā- pat-; badh- 'oppress': ba-badh-; raj- 'colour' : rá-raj-; randh- 'make subject : rärandh-; rap- 'chatter": ra-rap-; lap- 'prate' : lá-lap-; vac- 'speak': va-vac-; vad- 'speak': vā-vad-; vas be eager': va-vas-; vas- 'bellow': vá-vas-; śvas- 'blow': sã-svas-; gr- 'wake': ja-gr-; dr- split' : da-dr-; dhr- 'hold' : dā-dhr-; also cal 'stir' : cā-cal- (AV.). 2. All other roots containing y (and dr- and dhr- alternatively) and several with medial a followed by r 1, or a nasal, reduplicate with -ar, -al or -an, -am. Thus: a. kr 'commemorate': car-kr- and car-kir-; krs- 'drag': car-krs-; gr- 'swallow' : jár-gur- and jal-gul-; tr- 'cross' : tar-ty- (RV.); dr- 'split': dár-dr- and dar-dir; dhr- 'hold': dár-dhr-; brh- 'make strong': bár-brh-; bhr- 'bear'
- jar-bhr-³; mṛj- 'wipe' : mar-mrj-; mrs 'touch' : már- mṛś-; vrt- 'turn': var-
vrt; sy- 'flow': sar-sr-; hrs- be excited': jar-hṛṣ-. b. car- 'move' : car-car- (AV.); cal- ‘stir': -cal-cal- (MS.) beside -ca-cal- (AV.); phar- ‘scatter' (?) : par-phar-; kram- ‘stride' : cañ-kram-; gam- 'go' : jan- gam-; jambh- 'chew up': jan-jabh-; tams- 'shake': tan-tas-; dams 'bite' : dan- das; nam- 'bend' : nan-nam-; yam- 'reach' : yam-yam-; stan- 'thunder': tam- stan- (AV.). ¹ GRASSMANN, p. 1727, gives a list of the 2 The specific meaning of the formation desiderative adjectives in su occurring in is wanting in the intensives of gr- 'wake', the RV. (about 15); four occur in the AV.: cit- perceive', nij- 'wash', vis- 'work'. cikitsu-, jighatsu-, dipsú-, bībhatsú-; cp. WHIT- NEY 1038. 3 The palatal y in the reduplication is like that of bhr-in the perfect formja-bhāra (482 d).
