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I. ALLGEMEINES UND SPRACHE. 4. VEDIC GRAMMAR. 'straighter', ráj--istha- 'straightest'; jánu- 'knee' beside jñu-; jrmbh- 'yawn'; jñā- 'know'; jmá-, gen. jm-ás 'earth'; jri- 'go'; -jvará- 'suffering'; paj-rá- 'fat'; maj-mán- 'greatness'; váj-ra- 'thunderbolt'; juráti, júryati, jujur-váms-, jūr-ná-, from 7 'grow old'. 32 3. when in inflexional forms, in which roots with a new palatal show a guttural, the j remains; e. g. jajana from jan- 'beget'; jajāsā (AV.) from jas- 'be exhausted'; jujósa from jus- 'like'; jujur-váms-, jajara (AV.), from jr- 'grow old' 2. 4. when is the reduplication of an old palatal j or h; e. g. jajana, jajára (AV.), juhóti. 5. when it is shown to be an old palatal by the evidence of the cognate languages; thus in ajá- 'he-goat', ajá-'goat'; ajina- (AV.) 'skin'; trj- 'nourishment'; jámhas-‘course'; jáñghā- ‘leg'; jambh- 'chew up'; jamātr- son- in-law'; dhraj- 'sweep'; bhisaj- 'heal'; rajata- 'silvery'; vája- 'swiftness'; rjipyá- 'going straight. a. It is uncertain whether j represents an old or a new palatal in the following words: 1. because the comparative evidence is conflicting: vi-jaman- 'related'; jū- 'hasten'; jyä-, jináti 'overpower' 3. 2. because the Vedic and comparative evidence is insufficient: ubj-“coerce'; kūj- (AV.) 'hum'; jáñjat-í-, pres. part., of uncertain meaning (à. λ.); járate 'approaches'; jéhamana- 'panting'; jihmá- 'transverse'; dhváj, dhvajá- 'banner'; paj- 'be rigid' (in ápa...papaje 'started back'); -pujana- 'honouring'; bajá- a kind of plant; bija- 'seed'; múnja- 'sedge'. b. Irregular j.-1. As the two kinds of j were indistinguishable in pro- nunciation, a guttural sometimes intruded among the old palatals owing to the analogy of the new palatals; thus from bhișaj- ‘heaľ, bhisák-tama-, spv., bhişák-ti, 3. sing. pres., a-bhisnak, 3. sing. impf. (like anak-ti from anj- 'anoint'); from mrj 'wipe': ni-mrg-ra- 'attached', apa-märgá- (AV.) a kind of plant, vi-mig-vari- (AV.) 'cleanly'; from srj- 'discharge', asrg-ram, asrgran, ásasrgram, sasrgmáhe (SV.) beside sasrjmáhe; from j- 'grow old', jāgāra (AV.) beside jajara (AV.). 2. The guttural beside the palatal may be due to IE. dialectic variety in gná- 'woman' beside jan- 'beget'; gm-ás beside jm-ás ‘of the earth'; bhárgas- 'splendour', bhigu- a name, beside bhraj- 'shine'. 3. In jyotis- 'light', jy seems, by an old Prakritism, to represent dy, as the word is probably derived from dyut- 'shine'. 4. The media aspirate jh4 occurs only in one form, jájhjhat-i- (RV.¹), a pres. part. probably meaning 'laughing' as an epithet of lightning (a metaphor connected with lightning elsewhere also in the RV.); it appears to be derived, by an old Prakritism, from has- 'laugh' : jhjh probably for jjh5 here IE.gzh, which otherwise would become ks-, as in jákṣ-at-, part., ‘laughing'. = 42. The cerebrals. The designation given to these sounds by the native phoneticians, mūrdhanya 'produced in the head', indicates that they were pronounced at the highest point in the mouth nearest the (upper part I In which only forms with occur; 4 The other two old palatals and h will cp., however, HÜBSCHMANN, KZ. 23, 393. be dealt with below in their alphabetical 2 The only instance of a new palatal | order: 54, 58. (cjh= kg gh) before år (= IE. 7) is 5 The Kashmir Ms. of the RV. reads carcuryá-mana- (RV. x). For some more or jájjhatīr for jájhjhatir (V. 526): SCHEFTE- less doubtful examples of old palatal j, see WACKERNAGEL I, 137 b note. 3 Op. cit. I, 137 e, note. LOWITZ, WZKM. 21, 86. 6 See RPr. I. 19; APr. I. 32; II. 37. TPr.