CHAPTER XIX.
A DECADE OF CHURCH MATTERS.
1530-1540.
Troubles of Bishop Zumárraga — He Goes to Spain — His Consecration and Return to Mexico — First Churches in the Capital — Uncertain Priority and Sites — The First Cathedral — Necessity of More Bishoprics — Dioceses of Oajaca and Michoacan Established — Franciscan Progress — Custodia of Santo Evangelio Raised to a Province — Labors of the Padres — Dominican Provincia Established — Unseemly Strife — Successful Propagandism — Arrival of Augustinians — Labors and Hardships — Provincia Established — Miraculous Shrine at Chalma — Dagon Overthrown — The Virgin of Guadalupe — A Glorious Vision — A Modest Shrine and a Costly Church — A Wonderful Painting — Multitudes of Converts — Secret Idolatry.
While the political government of New Spain was thus undergoing important changes, reforms equally momentous were being effected in the ecclesiastical administration. The disorders which had prevailed previous to the arrival of the second audiencia had been such as no efforts of the church could arrest. The ecclesiastical body found their labors at conversion almost ineffective from the fact that their teachings were naturally disregarded by the natives, who saw clearly enough that the doctrines of the religion preached to them were practically ignored by the race enforcing it. The condition of the natives, both spiritual and temporal, during this period was lamentable in the extreme. Bishop Zumárraga, who had been appointed protector, exerted himself in vain to alleviate their sufferings; his efforts in their behalf seemed only to bring upon himself the animosity of all
