CHAPTER XXV
THE LATER YEARS OF ʿOMAR'S REIGN. DOMESTIC EVENTS
17–23 A.H. 638–644 A.D.
17–23 A.H.
638–44 A.D.
Quiet in Syria, Arabia, and Egypt.While Muslim arms were thus rapidly reducing the East under their sway, the wave of conquest which had swept over Syria, and broken threateningly on the southern border of Asia Minor, now for the time relaxed into a calm. After the death of Heraclius there was no longer spirit left in the Empire to continue the struggle by either land or sea. Desultory attempts there were at intervals upon the coast, but followed by no lasting success. Muʿāwiya was busy meanwhile consolidating the administration of Syria, and, with sagacious foresight, strengthening his hold against the chances of the future. Elsewhere peace prevailed. ʿAmr maintained firm rule in Egypt; and, waging chronic warfare against the Native tribes and Roman settlements on the coast, gradually extended westward the boundaries of Islām. Arabia, still pouring forth its restless spirits to fight abroad, was tranquil at home.
ʿOmar visits Mecca; enlarges court of Kaʿba.Besides the journeys in Syria already mentioned, ʿOmar quitted his residence at Medīna only for the annual Pilgrimage. The governors of the various provinces used to visit Mecca for the same purpose; and the Caliph was wont to improve the opportunity for conferring with them as they returned by way of Medīna, on matters of provincial interest. Several years before his death, he spent three weeks at Mecca, and enlarged the space around the Kaʿba. Dwellings that approached too closely to the Holy House were pulled down, and the first step taken to form a grand Square and piazza such as became the place of worship for all mankind. Some owners refused to sell their patrimony; but the houses were demolished nevertheless, and the price in compensation
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