Portal:State Council of the People's Republic of China/White papers

Zhongnanhai in Beijing, the area where State Council offices are located.

White papers about China's national policies and positions are periodically published by the Information Office of the State Council, the highest executive agency of the People's Republic of China. The first white paper was published in 1991, about China's human rights record. This page sorts the white papers chronologically and by subject matter.

By date

• China's Human Rights Situation (November 1, 1991)
• Criminal Reform in China (August 1992)
• Tibet—Its Ownership And Human Rights Situation (September 30, 1992)
• The Taiwan Question and Reunification of China (September 1, 1993)
• Intellectual Property Protection in China (June 1994)
• The Situation of Chinese Women (June 1994)
• Family Planning in China (August 1995)
• China: Arms Control and Disarmament (November 1995)
• The Progress of Human Rights in China (December 1995)
• The Situation of Children in China (April 1996)
• Environmental Protection in China (June 1996)
• The Grain Issue in China (October 1996)
• Progress in China's Human Rights Cause in 1996 (March 1997)
• On Sino-US Trade Balance (March 1997)
• Freedom of Religious Belief in China (July 1997)
• New Progress in Human Rights in the Tibet Autonomous Region (February 1998)
• The Development of China's Marine Programs (May 1998)
• China's National Defense (July 1998)
• Progress in China's Human Rights Cause in 1998 (April 13, 1999)
• National Minorities Policy and Its Practice in China (September 1999)
• Fifty Years of Progress in China's Human Rights (February 2000)
• The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue (February 2000)
• The Development of Tibetan Culture (June 2000)
• Narcotics Control in China (June 2000)
• China's National Defense in 2000 (October 2000)
• China's Space Activities (November 2000)
• China's Population and Development in the 21st Century (December 2000)
• Progress in China's Human Rights Cause in 2000 (April 2001)
• The Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program for Rural China (October 2001)
• Tibet's March Toward Modernization (November 2001)
• Labor and Social Security in China (April 2002)
• China's National Defense in 2002 (December 2002)
• Ecological Improvement and Environmental Protection in Tibet (March 2003)
• History and Development of Xinjiang (May 2003)
• China's EU Policy Paper (October 13, 2003)
• China's Non-Proliferation Policy and Measures (December 3, 2003)
• China's Policy on Mineral Resources (December 23, 2003)
• Progress in China's Human Rights Cause in 2003 (March 2004)
• China's Employment Situation and Policies (April 2004)
• Regional Ethnic Autonomy in Tibet (May 2004)
• China's Social Security and Its Policy (September 2004)
• China's National Defense in 2004 (December 2004)
• Regional Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities in China (February 2005)
• China's Progress in Human Rights in 2004 (April 13, 2005)
• New Progress in China's Protection of Intellectual Property Rights (April 2005)
• Gender Equality and Women's Development in China (August 2005)
• China's Endeavors for Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation (September 2005)
• Building of Political Democracy in China (October 2005)
• China's Peaceful Development Road (December 2005)
• Environmental Protection in China (1996-2005) (June 5, 2006)
• China's Space Activities in 2006 (October 2006)
• The Development of China's Undertakings for the Aged (December 2006)
• China's National Defense in 2006 (December 29, 2006)
• The Quality and Safety of Food in China (August 20, 2007)
• China's Political Party System (November 15, 2007)
• China's Energy Conditions and Policies (December 26, 2007)
• China's Efforts and Achievements in Promoting the Rule of Law (February 29, 2008)
• Status Quo of Drug Supervision in China (July 18, 2008)
• Protection and Development of Tibetan Culture (September 25, 2008)
• China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (October 29, 2008)
• China's National Defense in 2008 (January 20, 2009)
• 50 Years of Democratic Reform in Tibet (March 2, 2009)
• China's Actions for Disaster Prevention and Reduction (May 2009)
• Development and Progress in Xinjiang (September 21, 2009)
• China's Ethnic Policy and Common Prosperity and Development of All Ethnic Groups (September 27, 2009)
• The Internet in China (June 8, 2010)
• China's Human Resources (September 10, 2010)
• Progress in China's Human Rights in 2009 (September 26, 2010)
• China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation (December 23, 2010)
• China's Efforts to Combat Corruption and Build a Clean Government (December 29, 2010)
• China's National Defense in 2010 (March 31, 2011)
• China's Foreign Aid (April 21, 2011)
• Sixty Years Since Peaceful Liberation of Tibet (July 11, 2011)
• China's Peaceful Development (September 6, 2011)
• The Socialist Legal System with Chinese Characteristics (October 27, 2011)
• New Progress in Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program for Rural China (November 16, 2011)
• China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (November 22, 2011)
• China's Foreign Trade (December 7, 2011)
• China's Space Activities in 2011 (December 29, 2011)
• Situation and Policies of China's Rare Earth Industry (June 20, 2012)
• Diaoyu Dao, an Inherent Territory of China (September 25, 2012)
• Judicial Reform in China (October 9, 2012)
• China's Energy Policy 2012 (October 24, 2012)
• China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (November 21, 2012)
• Medical and Health Services in China (December 26, 2012)
• The Diversified Employment of China's Armed Forces (April 16, 2013)
• Progress in China's Human Rights in 2012 (May 14, 2013)
• China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation (2013) (August 29, 2013)
• Development and Progress of Tibet (October 22, 2013)
• China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (2013) (November 5, 2013)
• Progress in China's Human Rights in 2013 (May 26, 2014)
• The Practice of the "One Country, Two Systems" Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (June 10, 2014)
• China's Foreign Aid (2014) (July 10, 2014)
• The History and Development of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (October 5, 2014)
• Tibet's Path of Development Is Driven by an Irresistible Historical Tide (April 15, 2015)
• China's Military Strategy (May 26, 2015)
• Progress in China's Human Rights in 2014 (June 8, 2015)
• Successful Practice of Regional Ethnic Autonomy in Tibet (September 6, 2015)
• Gender Equality and Women's Development in China (September 22, 2015)
• Historical Witness to Ethnic Equality, Unity and Development in Xinjiang (September 25, 2015)
• China's nuclear emergency preparedness (January 27, 2016)
• Freedom of Religious Belief in Xinjiang (June 2, 2016)
• Assessment Report on the Implementation of the National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2012-2015) (June 14, 2016)
• China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (June 16, 2016)
• China Adheres to the Position of Settling Through Negotiation the Relevant Disputes Between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea (July 13, 2016)
• New Progress in the Judicial Protection of Human Rights in China (September 12, 2016)
• China's Progress in Poverty Reduction and Human Rights (October 17, 2016)
• The Right to Development: China's Philosophy, Practice and Contribution (December 1, 2016)
• Traditional Chinese Medicine in China (December 6, 2016)
• China's Space Activities in 2016 (December 27, 2016)
• Development of China's Transport (December 29, 2016)
• China's Policies on Asia-Pacific Security Cooperation (January 11, 2017)
• Human Rights in Xinjiang - Development and Progress (June 2, 2017)
• Development of China's Public Health as an Essential Element of Human Rights (September 29, 2017)
• New Progress in the Legal Protection of Human Rights in China (December 15, 2017)
• China's Arctic Policy (January 26, 2018)
• China's Policies and Practices on Protecting Freedom of Religious Belief (April 3, 2018)
• China and the World Trade Organization (June 28, 2018)
• Ecological Progress on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (July 18, 2018)
• The Facts and China's Position on China-US Trade Friction (September 24, 2018)
• Cultural Protection and Development in Xinjiang (November 15, 2018)
• Progress in Human Rights over the 40 Years of Reform and Opening Up in China (December 13, 2018)
• The Fight Against Terrorism and Extremism and Human Rights Protection in Xinjiang (March 18, 2019)
• Democratic Reform in Tibet—Sixty Years On (March 27, 2019)
• China's Position on the China-US Economic and Trade Consultations (June 2, 2019)
• Historical Matters Concerning Xinjiang (July 21, 2019)
• China's National Defense in the New Era (July 24, 2019)
• Equality, Participation and Sharing: 70 Years of Protecting the Rights and Interests of Persons with Disabilities in the PRC (July 25, 2019)
• Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang (August 16, 2019)
• Nuclear Safety in China (September 3, 2019)
• Equality, Development and Sharing: Progress of Women's Cause in 70 Years Since New China's Founding (September 19, 2019)
• Seeking Happiness for People: 70 Years of Progress on Human Rights in China (September 22, 2019)
• China and the World in the New Era (September 27, 2019)
• Food Security in China (October 14, 2019)
• Fighting COVID-19: China in Action (June 7, 2020)
• Employment and Labor Rights in Xinjiang (September 17, 2020)
• China's Armed Forces: 30 Years of UN Peacekeeping Operations (September 18, 2020)
• Energy in China's New Era (December 21, 2020)
• Sustainable Development of Transport in China (December 22, 2020)
• China's International Development Cooperation in the New Era (January 10, 2021)
• Poverty Alleviation: China's Experience and Contribution (April 6, 2021)
• Tibet Since 1951: Liberation, Development and Prosperity (May 21, 2021)
• The Communist Party of China and Human Rights Protection—A 100-Year Quest (June 24, 2021)
• China's Political Party System: Cooperation and Consultation (June 25, 2021)
• Respecting and Protecting the Rights of All Ethnic Groups in Xinjiang (July 14, 2021)
• Moderate Prosperity in All Respects: Another Milestone Achieved in China's Human Rights (August 12, 2021)
• Xinjiang Population Dynamics and Data (September 26, 2021)
• China's Epic Journey from Poverty to Prosperity (September 28, 2021)
• Biodiversity Conservation in China (October 8, 2021)
• Responding to Climate Change: China's Policies and Actions (October 27, 2021)
• China and Africa in the New Era: A Partnership of Equals (November 26, 2021)
• China: Democracy That Works (December 4, 2021)
• Hong Kong Democratic Progress Under the Framework of One Country, Two Systems (December 20, 2021)
• China's Export Controls (December 29, 2021)
• China's Space Program: A 2021 Perspective (January 28, 2022)
• China's Parasports: Progress and the Protection of Rights (March 3, 2022)
• Youth of China in the New Era (April 21, 2022)
• The Taiwan Question and China's Reunification in the New Era (August 10, 2022)
• China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System in the New Era (November 4, 2022)
• Jointly Build a Community with a Shared Future in Cyberspace (November 7, 2022)
• China's Green Development in the New Era (January 19, 2023)
• China's Law-Based Cyberspace Governance in the New Era (March 16, 2023)
• A Global Community of Shared Future: China's Proposals and Actions (September 26, 2023)
• The Belt and Road Initiative: A Key Pillar of the Global Community of Shared Future (October 10, 2023)
• Development of China's Distant-Water Fisheries (October 24, 2023)
• CPC Policies on the Governance of Xizang in the New Era: Approach and Achievements (November 10, 2023)
• China's Legal Framework and Measures for Counterterrorism (January 23, 2024)
• Marine Eco-Environmental Protection in China (July 11, 2024)

By subject matter

Arms control and nuclear weapons

• China: Arms Control and Disarmament (November 1995)
• China's Non-Proliferation Policy and Measures (December 3, 2003)
• China's Endeavors for Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation (September 2005)
• China's nuclear emergency preparedness (January 27, 2016)
• Nuclear Safety in China (September 3, 2019)

Belt and Road Initiative

• The Belt and Road Initiative: A Key Pillar of the Global Community of Shared Future (October 10, 2023)

Children and young people

• The Situation of Children in China (April 1996)
• Youth of China in the New Era (April 21, 2022)

Criminal justice

• Criminal Reform in China (August 1992)
• Narcotics Control in China (June 2000)
• Status Quo of Drug Supervision in China (July 18, 2008)

Defense

• China's National Defense (July 1998)
• China's National Defense in 2000 (October 2000)
• China's National Defense in 2002 (December 2002)
• China's National Defense in 2004 (December 2004)
• China's National Defense in 2006 (December 29, 2006)
• China's National Defense in 2008 (January 20, 2009)
• China's National Defense in 2010 (March 31, 2011)
• The Diversified Employment of China's Armed Forces (April 16, 2013)
• China's Military Strategy (May 26, 2015)
• China's National Defense in the New Era (July 24, 2019)
• China's Armed Forces: 30 Years of UN Peacekeeping Operations (September 18, 2020)

Disputed territories

• Diaoyu Dao, an Inherent Territory of China (September 25, 2012)
• China Adheres to the Position of Settling Through Negotiation the Relevant Disputes Between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea (July 13, 2016)

Elderly

• The Development of China's Undertakings for the Aged (December 2006)

Energy

• China's Energy Conditions and Policies (December 26, 2007)
• China's Energy Policy 2012 (October 24, 2012)
• Energy in China's New Era (December 21, 2020)

Environmental protection

• Environmental Protection in China (June 1996)
• The Development of China's Marine Programs (May 1998)
• Environmental Protection in China (1996-2005) (June 5, 2006)
• China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (October 29, 2008)
• China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (November 22, 2011)
• China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (November 21, 2012)
• China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (2013) (November 5, 2013)
• Ecological Progress on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (July 18, 2018)
• Biodiversity Conservation in China (October 8, 2021)
• Responding to Climate Change: China's Policies and Actions (October 27, 2021)
• China's Green Development in the New Era (January 19, 2023)

Ethnic minorities

• National Minorities Policy and Its Practice in China (September 1999)
• Regional Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities in China (February 2005)
• China's Ethnic Policy and Common Prosperity and Development of All Ethnic Groups (September 27, 2009)

Family

• Family Planning in China (August 1995)

Food

• The Grain Issue in China (October 1996)
• The Quality and Safety of Food in China (August 20, 2007)
• Food Security in China (October 14, 2019)

Foreign relations

Africa

• China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation (December 23, 2010)
• China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation (2013) (August 29, 2013)
• China and Africa in the New Era: A Partnership of Equals (November 26, 2021)

Arctic

• China's Arctic Policy (January 26, 2018)

Asia

• China's Policies on Asia-Pacific Security Cooperation (January 11, 2017)

European Union

• China's EU Policy Paper (October 13, 2003)

Foreign aid

• China's Foreign Aid (April 21, 2011)
• China's Foreign Aid (2014) (July 10, 2014)

International development

• China and the World in the New Era (September 27, 2019)
• China's International Development Cooperation in the New Era (January 10, 2021)
• A Global Community of Shared Future: China's Proposals and Actions (September 29, 2023)

United States

• On Sino-US Trade Balance (March 1997)
• The Facts and China's Position on China-US Trade Friction (September 24, 2018)
• China's Position on the China-US Economic and Trade Consultations (June 2, 2019)

Health and safety

• China's Actions for Disaster Prevention and Reduction (May 2009)
• Medical and Health Services in China (December 26, 2012)
• Traditional Chinese Medicine in China (December 6, 2016)
• Development of China's Public Health as an Essential Element of Human Rights (September 29, 2017)
• Fighting COVID-19: China in Action (June 7, 2020)

Hong Kong

• The Practice of the "One Country, Two Systems" Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (June 10, 2014)
• Hong Kong Democratic Progress Under the Framework of One Country, Two Systems (December 20, 2021)

Human rights

• China's Human Rights Situation (November 1, 1991)
• The Progress of Human Rights in China (December 1995)
• Progress in China's Human Rights Cause in 1996 (March 1997)
• Progress in China's Human Rights Cause in 1998 (April 13, 1999)
• Fifty Years of Progress in China's Human Rights (February 2000)
• Progress in China's Human Rights Cause in 2000 (April 2001)
• Progress in China's Human Rights Cause in 2003 (March 2004)
• China's Progress in Human Rights in 2004 (April 13, 2005)
• Progress in China's Human Rights in 2009 (September 26, 2010)
• Progress in China's Human Rights in 2012 (May 14, 2013)
• Progress in China's Human Rights in 2013 (May 26, 2014)
• Progress in China's Human Rights in 2014 (June 8, 2015)
• Assessment Report on the Implementation of the National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2012-2015) (June 14, 2016)
• New Progress in the Judicial Protection of Human Rights in China (September 12, 2016)
• New Progress in the Legal Protection of Human Rights in China (December 15, 2017)
• Progress in Human Rights over the 40 Years of Reform and Opening Up in China (December 13, 2018)
• Equality, Participation and Sharing: 70 Years of Protecting the Rights and Interests of Persons with Disabilities in the PRC (July 25, 2019)
• Seeking Happiness for People: 70 Years of Progress on Human Rights in China (September 22, 2019)
• The Communist Party of China and Human Rights Protection—A 100-Year Quest (June 24, 2021)
• Moderate Prosperity in All Respects: Another Milestone Achieved in China's Human Rights (August 12, 2021)
• China's Parasports: Progress and the Protection of Rights (March 3, 2022)

Intellectual property

• Intellectual Property Protection in China (June 1994)
• New Progress in China's Protection of Intellectual Property Rights (April 2005)

Internet

• The Internet in China (June 8, 2010)
• Jointly Build a Community with a Shared Future in Cyberspace (November 7, 2022)
• China's Law-Based Cyberspace Governance in the New Era (March 16, 2023)

Labor and social security

• Labor and Social Security in China (April 2002)
• China's Employment Situation and Policies (April 2004)
• China's Social Security and Its Policy (September 2004)
• China's Human Resources (September 10, 2010)

Legal system

• China's Efforts and Achievements in Promoting the Rule of Law (February 29, 2008)
• The Socialist Legal System with Chinese Characteristics (October 27, 2011)
• Judicial Reform in China (October 9, 2012)

National development

• China's Peaceful Development Road (December 2005)
• China's Peaceful Development (September 6, 2011)
• The Right to Development: China's Philosophy, Practice and Contribution (December 1, 2016)

Natural resources

• China's Policy on Mineral Resources (December 23, 2003)
• Situation and Policies of China's Rare Earth Industry (June 20, 2012)

Political system

• Building of Political Democracy in China (October 2005)
• China's Political Party System (November 15, 2007)
• China's Efforts to Combat Corruption and Build a Clean Government (December 29, 2010)
• China's Political Party System: Cooperation and Consultation (June 25, 2021)
• China: Democracy That Works (December 4, 2021)

Population

• China's Population and Development in the 21st Century (December 2000)

Poverty alleviation

• The Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program for Rural China (October 2001)
• New Progress in Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program for Rural China (November 16, 2011)
• China's Progress in Poverty Reduction and Human Rights (October 17, 2016)
• Poverty Alleviation: China's Experience and Contribution (April 6, 2021)
• China's Epic Journey from Poverty to Prosperity (September 28, 2021)

Religion

• Freedom of Religious Belief in China (July 1997)
• China's Policies and Practices on Protecting Freedom of Religious Belief (April 3, 2018)

Space

• China's Space Activities (November 2000)
• China's Space Activities in 2006 (October 2006)
• China's Space Activities in 2011 (December 29, 2011)
• China's Space Activities in 2016 (December 27, 2016)
• China's Space Program: A 2021 Perspective (January 28, 2022)

BeiDou satellite system

• China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (June 16, 2016)
• China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System in the New Era (November 4, 2022)

Taiwan

• The Taiwan Question and Reunification of China (September 1, 1993)
• The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue (February 2000)
• The Taiwan Question and China's Reunification in the New Era (August 10, 2022)

Tibet

• Tibet—Its Ownership And Human Rights Situation (September 30, 1992)
• New Progress in Human Rights in the Tibet Autonomous Region (February 1998)
• The Development of Tibetan Culture (June 2000)
• Tibet's March Toward Modernization (November 2001)
• Ecological Improvement and Environmental Protection in Tibet (March 2003)
• Regional Ethnic Autonomy in Tibet (May 2004)
• Protection and Development of Tibetan Culture (September 25, 2008)
• 50 Years of Democratic Reform in Tibet (March 2, 2009)
• Sixty Years Since Peaceful Liberation of Tibet (July 11, 2011)
• Development and Progress of Tibet (October 22, 2013)
• Tibet's Path of Development Is Driven by an Irresistible Historical Tide (April 15, 2015)
• Successful Practice of Regional Ethnic Autonomy in Tibet (September 6, 2015)
• Democratic Reform in Tibet—Sixty Years On (March 27, 2019)
• Tibet Since 1951: Liberation, Development and Prosperity (May 21, 2021)

Trade

• China's Foreign Trade (December 7, 2011)
• China and the World Trade Organization (June 28, 2018)
• China's Export Controls (December 29, 2021)

Transport

• Development of China's Transport (December 29, 2016)
• Sustainable Development of Transport in China (December 22, 2020)

Women

• The Situation of Chinese Women (June 1994)
• Gender Equality and Women's Development in China (August 2005)
• Gender Equality and Women's Development in China (September 22, 2015)
• Equality, Development and Sharing: Progress of Women's Cause in 70 Years Since New China's Founding (September 19, 2019)

Xinjiang

• History and Development of Xinjiang (May 2003)
• Development and Progress in Xinjiang (September 21, 2009)
• The History and Development of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (October 5, 2014)
• Historical Witness to Ethnic Equality, Unity and Development in Xinjiang (September 25, 2015)
• Freedom of Religious Belief in Xinjiang (June 2, 2016)
• Human Rights in Xinjiang - Development and Progress (June 2, 2017)
• Cultural Protection and Development in Xinjiang (November 15, 2018)
• The Fight Against Terrorism and Extremism and Human Rights Protection in Xinjiang (March 18, 2019)
• Historical Matters Concerning Xinjiang (July 21, 2019)
• Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang (August 16, 2019)
• Employment and Labor Rights in Xinjiang (September 17, 2020)
• Respecting and Protecting the Rights of All Ethnic Groups in Xinjiang (July 14, 2021)
• Xinjiang Population Dynamics and Data (September 26, 2021)