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GEORGE KENNAN.
​

SIBERIA AND THE
EXILE SYSTEM

BY GEORGE KENNAN

VOLUME ONE

NEW YORK
THE CENTURY CO.
1891

Copyright, 1891, by
The Century Co.

The De Vinne press.

​

VOLUME I

CONTENTS

chapter page
I. From St. Petersburg to Perm 1
II. Across the Siberian Frontier 25
III. The Flowery Plains of Tobólsk 55
IV. The Tiumén Forwarding Prison 74
V. A Siberian Convict Barge 103
VI. First Impressions of Post Travel 120
VII. The Great Kírghis Steppe 140
VIII. Our First Meeting with Political Exiles 168
IX. Bridle Paths of the Altái 188
X. Two Colonies of Political Exiles 227
XI. Exile by Administrative Process 242
XII. The Province and the City of Tomsk 278
XIII. The Tomsk Forwarding Prison 302
XIV. The Life of Political Exiles 322
XV. The Great Siberian Road 351
XVI. Deportation by Étape 369
​

ILLUSTRATIONS

  1. page.
  2. George Kennan
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		Frontispiece.
  3. The Fair-City of Nizhni Nóvgorod
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		7
  4. A Part of the Old Town of Nizhni Nóvgorod
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		11
  5. Water Carrier in a Vólga River Village
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		16
  6. A Vólga River Hamlet
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		18
  7. A Peasant Woman of Simbirsk
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		22
  8. The City of Perm
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		26
  9. A Railroad Verst Post
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		33
  10. A Street in Ekaterinburg
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		37
  11. Tárantás at a Post Station
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		46
  12. A Caravan of Freight Wagons
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		48
  13. Bivouac of Freight Wagon Drivers
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		51
  14. The Siberian Boundary Post
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		53
  15. A Siberian Peasant's House, Barn, and Court-Yard Gate
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		67
  16. The Tiumén Forwarding Prison
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		82
  17. The Court-Yard of the Tiumen Prison
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		85
  18. Making Up an Exile Party in the Tiumén Prison
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		88
  19. Court-Yard of the Women's Prison, Tiumén
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		93
  20. Tiumén Laborers Waiting for Employment
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		104
  21. The "Real Schule"
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		106
  22. "Voluntary Exiles." (Dobrovólni)
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		107
  23. A Marching Exile Party
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		109
  24. A Convict Barge
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		112
  25. An Exile Party About to Embark
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		113
  26. Exiles Going on Board the Barge
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		115
  27. Men's Cage, Convict Barge—Exiles Buying Food
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		116
  28. Inside the Women's Cage, Convict Barge
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		118
  29. Convict Types
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		119
    30. ​
  30. Our Tárantás
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		123
  31. Return of the Miracle-Working Ikón
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		129
  32. Huts of Village Gate-Keepers
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		132
  33. A Village Gate-Keeper
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		134
  34. A Steppe Village
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		137
  35. Police Station and Fire Tower in Omsk
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		141
  36. The Exile Suburb—Omsk
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		143
  37. A Kírghis Encampment
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		144
  38. Interior of a Kírghis Kibítka
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		147
  39. A Kírghis Cemetery
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		151
  40. An Oasis in the Kirghis Steppe
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		154
  41. Washing Clothes in the Írtish
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		156
  42. A Street in Semipalátinsk
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		159
  43. A Camel Team Crossing the Ford
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		161
  44. A Kírghis Horseman in Gala Dress
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		163
  45. A Wrestling Match
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		165
  46. Cossack Peasant Girl Spinning
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		190
  47. Upper Írtish Valley and Foot-Hills of the Altái
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		192
  48. The Altái Station
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		194
  49. Our House at the Altái Station
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		196
  50. Picnic Ground, Valley of the Búkhtarmá
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		203
  51. Cossack Picket of Jingistái
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		205
  52. The Village of Arúl
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		207
  53. Ascent of the Mountain from Berél
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		210
  54. Kírghis Encampment on the Summit
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		212
  55. Rakmánofski Lake
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		214
  56. The Rakmánofski Hot Springs
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		216
  57. Descent into the Valley of the White Berél
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		218
  58. Distant View of the Katúnski Alps
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		219
  59. The "Katúnski Pillars"—Source of The Katún River
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		221
  60. The Descent into the Gorge of the Katún
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		223
  61. The Katún River
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		224
  62. Lower Part of Katún Glacier (Upper Part in Clouds)—Katún Waterfall
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		225
  63. Climing up the Alexandrófskaya-Séivernaya Ravine
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		231
  64. The Ulbínsk Ravine
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		233
    65. ​
  65. The Valley of Ulbínsk
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		235
  66. The Town of Ust Kámenogórsk
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		238
  67. A Post-Station on the Barnaül Road
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		280
  68. Market-Place in Barnaül
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		282
  69. Old Prison or Guard-House in Barnaül
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		284
  70. Peasant Women at Work in Barnaül
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		287
  71. Koliván Lake
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		289
  72. Grotesque Rocks near Koliván Lake
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		292
  73. Ferry on the River Ob near Barnaül
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		295
  74. A Part of the Market Square in Tomsk
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		300
  75. A "Family Kámera" in the Tomsk Forwarding Prison
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		313
  76. Prince Kropótkin
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		324
  77. An Old Siberian Ferry-Boat
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		355
  78. Bark-Mills, Krasnoyársk
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		358
  79. Monastery near Krasnoyársk
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		360
  80. Road to Monastery
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		361
  81. A Siberian Blacksmith
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		363
  82. The Departure of the Mail
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		365
  83. Sick and Infirm Exiles in Telégas
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		375
  84. A Convict Party Passing a Shrine near Tomsk
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		377
  85. Halt of a Convict Party for Lunch
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		379
  86. "Brodyágs" or Runaway Convicts
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		381
  87. A Polu-Étape on the Tomsk-Áchinsk Road
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		383
  88. A "Kámera" or Cell in a Polu-Étape
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		385
  89. An Étape
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		387
  90. A Party of Exiles Crossing the Yeniséi
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		398
  91. An Old Convict Begging Food
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		403
  92. A Break for Liberty
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		408

MAPS

  1. PAGE.
  2. Map of Siberia
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		4
  3. Enlarged Map of Route from Tiumen to Semipalátinsk
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		121
  4. Map of Route from Semipalátinsk to the Altái
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		189
  5. Route from the Altái Station to Tomsk
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		228
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