Territory in Bird Life (1920)
by Henry Eliot Howard
2586608Territory in Bird Life1920Henry Eliot Howard


TERRITORY IN BIRD LIFE

Territory in bird life p8
Territory in bird life p8

A pair of Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers
attacking a Great Spotted Woodpecker

Emery Walker ph.sc

TERRITORY IN
BIRD LIFE


BY H. ELIOT HOWARD



WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY
G. E. LODGE AND H. GRÖNVOLD





LONDON
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.
1920

All rights reserved

PREFACE


When studying the Warblers some twenty years ago. I became aware of the fact that each male isolates itself at the commencement of the breeding season and exercises dominion over a restricted area of ground. Further investigation, pursued with a view to ascertaining the relation of this particular mode of behaviour to the system of reproduction, led to my studying various species, not only those of close affinity, but those widely remote in the tree of avian life. The present work is the outcome of those investigations. In it I have endeavoured to interpret the prospective value of the behaviour, and to trace out the relationships in the organic and inorganic world which have determined its survival. Much is mere speculation; much with fuller knowledge may be found to be wrong. But I venture to hope that a nucleus will remain upon which a more complete territorial system may one day be established.

I have to thank Mr G. E. Lodge and Mr H. Grönvold for the trouble they have taken in executing my wishes; I also want to record my indebtedness to the late E. W. Hopewell; and to Professor Lloyd Morgan, F.R.S., I am beholden more than I can tell.

CONTENTS

PAGE
Introduction 1
The Disposition to Secure a Territory 20
The Disposition to Defend the Territory 73
The Relation of Song to the Territory 119
The Relation of the Territory to the System of Reproduction 169
The Warfare between Different Species and its Relation to the Territory 216
The Relation of the Territory to Migration 259
Index 302

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Face page
A pair of Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers attacking a Great Spotted Woodpecker
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frontispiece
Territorial flight of the Black-tailed Godwit
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
Competition for territory is seldom more severe than among cliff-breeding seabirds, and the efforts of individual Razorbills to secure positions on the crowded ledges lead to desperate struggles
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
Male Blackbirds fighting for the possession of territory. The bare skin on the crown of the defeated bird shows the nature of the injuries from which it succumbed
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
Male Cuckoos fighting before the arrival of a female
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
Two pairs of Pied Wagtails fighting in defence of their territories
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
Long-tailed Tit: males fighting for the possession of territory. The feathers have been torn from the crown of the defeated and dying rival
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
A battle between two pairs of Jays
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
106
The Female Chaffinch shares in the defence of the territory and attacks other females
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
110
Peregrine Falcon attacking a Raven
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
216
A battle between a pair of Green Woodpeckers and a Great Spotted Woodpecker for the possession of a hole in an oak tree
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
238

Plans of the Water-meadow showing the Territories occupied by Lapwings in 1916 and 1916
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Between 58 and 59

SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF BIRDS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT

Raven Corvus corax.
Carrion-Crow Corvus corone.
Hooded Crow Corvus cornix.
Rook Corvus frugilegus.
Magpie Pica pica.
Jay Garrulus glandarius rufitergum.
Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax.
Starling Sturnus vulgaris.
Greenfinch Chloris chloris.
Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes.
House-Sparrow Passer domesticus.
Chaffinch Fringilla cœlebs.
Brambling Fringilla montifringilla.
Linnet Acanthis cannabina.
Corn-Bunting Emberiza calandra.
Yellow Bunting Emberiza citrinella.
Cirl Bunting Emberiza cirlus.
Reed-Bunting Emberiza schœniclus.
Sky-Lark Alauda arvensis.
Pied Wagtail Motacilla lugubris.
Tree-Pipit Anthus trivialis.
Meadow-Pipit Anthus pratensis.
Great Titmouse Parus major newtoni.
Blue Titmouse Parus cæruleus obscurus.
Long-tailed Titmouse Ægithalus caudatus roseus.
Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio.
Whitethroat Sylvia communis.
Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca.
Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla.
Grasshopper-Warbler Locustella nævia.
Savi’s Warbler Locustella luscionioides.
Reed-Warbler Acrocephalus scripaceus.
Marsh-Warbler Acrocephalus palustris.
Sedge-Warbler Acrocephalus schœnobænus.
Willow-Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus.
Wood-Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix.
Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita.
Song-Thrush Turdus musicus clarkii.
Redwing Turdus iliacus.
Blackbird Turdus merula.
Redstart Phœnicurus phœnicurus.
Redbreast Erithacus rubecula melophilus.
Nightingale Luscinia megarhyncha.
Stonechat Saxicola rubicola.
Whinchat Saxicola rubetra.
Wheatear Œnanthe œnanthe.
Hedge-Sparrow Accentor modularis.
Wren Troglodytes troglodytes.
Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata.
Swallow Hirundo rustica.
Martin Delichon urbica.
Sand-Martin Riparia riparia.
Great Spotted Woodpecker Dryobates major anglicus.
Lesser Spotted Woodpecker Dryobates minor.
Green Woodpecker Picus viridis.
Cuckoo Cuculus canorus.
Tawny Owl Strix aluco.
Buzzard Buteo buteo.
Sparrow-Hawk Accipiter nisus.
Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus.
Merlin Falco æsalon.
Kestrel Falco tinnunculus.
Shag Phalacrocorax graculus.
Wild Duck Anas boschas.
Snipe Gallinago gallinago.
Dunlin Tringa alpina.
Ruff Machetes pugnax.
Redshank Totanus totanus.
Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa.
Curlew Numenius arquata.
Whimbrel Numenius phæopus.
American Golden Plover Charadrius dominicus.
Lapwing Vanellus vanellus.
Oyster-Catcher Hæmatopus ostralegus.
Herring-Gull Larus argentatus.
Kittiwake Rissa tridactylus.
Razorbill Alca torda.
Guillemot Uria troille.
Puffin Fratercula arctica.
Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis.
Water-Rail Rallus aquaticus.
Corn-Crake Crex crex.
Moor-Hen Gallinula chloropus.
Coot Fulica atra.
Wood-Pigeon Columba palumbus.
Turtle-Dove Streptopelia turtur.
Partridge Perdix perdix.
Black Grouse Lyrurus tetrix britannicus.
Red Grouse Lagopus scoticus.

This work was published before January 1, 1929, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.

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