The Chronicles of Early Melbourne/Volume 2/Chapter 68

by Edmund Finn

CHAPTER

LXVIII.

FLOTSAM, JETSAM, A N D LIGAN.

' H I L S T fishing in old waters I collected m y last cargo of old Port Phillipian miscellanies some of which were picked up too late to be included in the chapters with which they could have been incorporated, and others so peculiar that they could only be presented =pj to m y readers in a casual ward, such as I have constructed for their reception. The imperfect records of the Collins Convict Settlement at Sorrento in 1803, as contained in the orders issued by the Commandant, and the diary of the Chaplain, the Rev. R. Knopwood, disclose some events curious in themselves as being thefirstof the kind in Port Phillip. From these I collate a few interesting waifs. T h e first free emigrants to Port Phillip are comprised in the following list of persons who, according to Labiliere, " obtained Lord Hobart's permission to proceed to Port Phillip, 5th April, 1803, viz.:—Mr. Collins, seaman; Edward N e w m a n , ship carpenter; Mr. Hartley, seaman; Edwd. F. Hamilton, John J. Gravie, Mr. Pownall; a female servant; Thos. Collingwood, carpenter; D u k e Charman; John Skilhorne, cutler; Anty Fletcher, mason; T. R. Preston, pocketbook-maker." This contingent accompanied the batch of 307 convicts, the prison strength of the Collins Expedition. T h e wives and children of some of the convicts were also allowed to come out; and in this manner J. P. Fawkner, his sister and mother obtained free passages. Tuesday, 25th October, was celebrated in honour of the accession to the throne of George III. At 8 a.m. the British flag was hoisted at the camp, at noon the Royal Marines fired three volleys, and at 1 p.m. the "Calcutta" boomed forth with twenty-one guns. The first collision with the Aborigines is thus detailed as occurring, 23rd October, 1803. It happened with two boats' crews under Lieutenant Tuckey, engaged on a survey expedition from the north-west point of the Bay: " A t 8 they observed three natives approaching them. Mr. Tuckey gave them fish, bread, and many presents; they were m u c h pleased and friendly. At 10 Mr. T. and Mr. Collins went across the bay, and about 5 or 6 miles with a boat's crew, leaving Mr. Harris and Mr. G a m m o n and 2 m e n to take care of the tent, and make observations on shore. T h e three men, seeing M r . T. go away in the boat, they likewise went awav. Early in the afternoon they returned with a great many of them ; and at 2 P.M. they in the boat coming back observed 70 in a party. Mr. Tuckey called to them, at which they hastened to the place where the tent was. O n Mr. T. coming up he found Mr. G a m m o n surrounded ; and the chief at that time seized Mr. G , who called out to Mr. T. to fire on them. M r . Harris was surrounded at the tent ; and the blacks were takmg what they could from the boat. Mr. T. fired over them ; they ran away a small distance, but soon approached again with the king (who wore a very elegant turban-crown), and was always earned upon the shoulders of the men. Whenever he desired them to halt, or to approach, they did it immediately Mr. T. fired over them a second time, at which they removed to a very small distance. Ihose about the king, to the number of 50 or 6o, were all armed. T h e blacks finding that none were wounded, and that the number were approaching, and the second in command was going to throw his spear at Mr. Tuckey, gave orders to shoot him, as an example; they fired and Innis killed him, and wounded another ; they all fled. T h e number of savages were not less than one hundred and fifty. H a d not M r . Tuckey fortunately come up with the boat, no doubt but they would have killed M r . G a m m o n and M r . Harris and the 2 men. W e have great reason to think they are cannibals." T h e parson seems to have held the Commission of the Peace, for he thus relates of the first Magisterial decision:—"Nov. 2.—At eleven a complaint came before m e as a Magistrate that Robert Cannady, servant to M r . Humphreys, had promised Buckley, the Governor's servant, a waistcoat for a pair of shoes, which he had taken and worn, and would not return the waistcoat; but after hearing them on both sides I had the waistcoat given to Buckley." T h e complainant here was the same William Buckley w h o soon afterwards escaped, spent nearly half a tolerably long life with the blacks, and rejoined the whites. O n ioth November this "General Order" was issued:—-" T h e Lieutenant-Governor is concerned to learn that six m e n have been so blind to their o w n welfare as to absent themselves from the Settlement, and proceed in the desperate undertaking of travelling round to Port Jackson. If such is actually the motive of their absenting themselves, they must inevitably be lost in the attempt, and nothing more will ever be heard of them ; for, independent of the risk they run of being killed by the Natives, it is impossible for them with any quantity of provisions they could carry, to endure the fatigue of penetrating a thousand miles through the woods of this country; for such would be the distance which, by rounding the heads of the different harbours that, present themselves in the route they would have to travel. Although caution to them is n o w useless, yet it m a y not prove so to those w h o remain. H e therefore takes this occasion of informing them that, while admitting the probability of their succeeding, and reaching Port Jackson alive, they would instantly be apprehended, and sent back to this Settlement by the Governor, here to meet the punishment justly due to their rashness and offence." T h e first kangaroo killed by a white m a n was shot on the 13th November, by Lieutenant Pateshall. This happened on the Sabbath, and the next day there was a grand kangaroo dinner in camp, at which all the officers that could be spared from the "Calcutta" attended. According to the diarist, "It weighed when skinned, the head off, liver, heart, and entrails taken out, 68 lbs.; the skin of a dark-brown colour." Bird-nesting was a pernicious amusement, and on 30th November a humane prohibition was promulgated against "daily bringing birds' nests into the encampment, containing either eggs or young unfledged birds." T h e practice was denounced as cruel and destructive, and punishment promised for future similar offences. A barge's crew of the " Calcutta" the next day killed on the beach a sea-elephant, with skin of a light-brown colour, a head like a bulldog, 12 ft. long, 5 ft. 2 in. round the body, and weighing over 200 lbs. The first white baby born in Port Phillip was the son of Sergeant Thome, of the Detachment of Marines forming the escort of the Collins Convict Expedition. At nine a.m. of 25th November, 1803, the Sergeant's wife became the mother of a bouncing boy at Sorrento, the place of the temporary encampment. At noon of the following Christmas Day, and beneath the shade of an umbrageous gumtree after Divine service, the little Australian was baptised in the n a m e of William James Hobart Thorne, by the Rev. R. Knopwood, the Chaplain ; the Commandant, Lieutenant-Colonel Collins, kindly consenting to stand as the male sponsor. Baby Thorne of course accompanied the Expedition when it moved across the Straits to V a n Diemen's Land, and he not only grew up to man's estate, but lived to an advanced age there. The firstnuptial knot was tied at Sorrento, three days after the foregoing birth, viz., 28th November, the contracting parties being Richard Garratt, one of the convicts, and H a n n a h Harvey, a spinster, permitted to accompany the Expedition from England as a "free settler." She did not retain her freedom long, and it is not known h o w futurity dealt with the alliance. T h efirstwhite death was in the case of John Skilhorne, another free settler, on the ioth October. H e was a cutler by trade. Mr. Knopwood fell back upon many recreations to while away the dull times, though it cannot be denied that some of his fancies took a practically useful turn. S o m e poultry had been brought from H o m e , and the good-natured, fussy old chap took the notion of becoming a fowlbreeder. His diary for ioth December shows this entry:—"I set m y white hen on twenty-one egg this morn, but the experiment was not the success hoped for, as the ' twenty-one egg' only produced 'seven young chickings.' " "Skinning trees for their hides" preceded the flaying of sheep and cattle as a local industry, as it was resorted to in a small way even before the Batman-<r«/z?-Fawkner occupation of Melbourne. T h e latter event happened during the latter half of 1835, whereas, in the April of that year, bark-stripping was commenced at Western Port, and for the following information on the subject I a m indebted to the Captain Fermaner referred to in other chapters. There was in Launceston a mercantile firm known as Griffiths, Henty, and Connolly, and, fancying from the supposed character of the Australian Continent, that good marketable bark was obtainable on the mainland, they despatched a party of strippers with stores, drays, bullocks, and other etceteras, in the " Elizabeth," a 151-ton schooner (Hart, master), which was followed by the "Andromache," barque, Captain Jacks, to receive the cargo. Good anchorage was found near Settlement Point; and, having discharged the " Elizabeth," she was sent back to Launceston. Between Griffiths Point (called after the merchant of that name) and the Bass, the m e n went to work and found bark in abundance. T h e only annoyance was the Aborigines, w h o m a d e certain warlike manifestations; but the white fellows were wary, and some musket demonstrations indulged in kept the blacks in awe. O n e night, however, a determined attack was made. T h e barque was loaded, and all hands awaited the hourly-expected return of the schooner. About midnight a rush was m a d e and repulsed. T h e enemy's loss was never ascertained, but one white man, named James McLoughlin, received three spears in one of his arms. T h e m e n succeeded in defending themselves for a few hours, when the schooner arrived, and they got safe on board, and sailed away. In 1836 the "Elizabeth" returned with the barque " Norval," which loaded there. S o m e wild cattle were found, in capital condition, and the beef was declared to be first-rate. T h e wild herd was supposed to be the progeny of a few horned stock left behind by the Sydney Exploring Expedition in 1826. There were other indications found of the incipient colonization, for there was for a time some intention towards a permanent occupation of the country. About three miles from Settlement Point was discovered a large kiln of bricks; and the only fresh water obtainable at one time was the fluid accumulations in one of the excavations from which the clay for the brick-making was taken. There were also ruins of a brick wall, as if once intended for a barracks, a gaol, or a "tench," as a convict quarter was in the old times called. Portions of land showed traces of former cultivation, and it was in parts partially fenced, the enclosures n o w crumbling away. There was also an old forgotten burial-ground, with grave marks, and three or four rudely-sculptured, but n o w almost defaced tombstones. Hunter, subsequently the captain of Fawkner's historical schooner, the " Enterprise," was mate of the " Elizabeth," and Captain Fermaner was one of the crew. John Pascoe Fawkner (or more correctly, his party) did for the colony what Collap Coll Frewi is said to have done for England in the 6th century—grew thefirstwheat; whilst Batman (through his party) is credited with having put down thefirstpotatoes. Robert Marr was thefirstcarpenter; Evan Evans made thefirstpair of boots for Buckley, " the wild white m a n ;" and to Miss Batman's needlecraft is due thefirstlinen shirt put together, for she (one of Batman's seven daughters) fabricated a garment of that kind—also for Buckley. T h efirstMelbourne residence—a sod hut—was put up by George Evans; and the first shearer of sheep was Kenneth S. Clarke, manager for the V a n Diemen's Land Great Lake Company, the operation having been performed 9th October, 1836, at the Saltwater River. T h e winter of 1836 was very cold, and the thermometer was known to be as low as 19 degrees in a range of 88 days. For several days in the summer of 1836-7 the thermometer was at 107, and at night it was cold enough for a fire. Mr. T h o m a s Napier, of Essendon, who died in 1881, was thefirstto open a timber trade between Melbourne and V a n Diemen's Land. In 1837 he chartered a schooner and brought over a cargo of material for building. H e soon passed from building into a cattle station, went on and prospered. Napier Street in Fitzroy is named after him. O n e of the oldest Port Phillipian emblems in existence is a waterman's badge, issued to Captain Joseph Fermaner, the first Pilot and Harbour Master at Port Albert. It is a small brass plate crescent-formed, and thus inscribed :—" 1838. N o . 1. Melbourne Licensed Boatman." It was obtained at the Customs Flouse, cost 5s., and authorized the plying of a boat on the Yarra and the Bay. T h efirstwater conveyance of the kind worked by Fermaner was the whaleboat "Nancy," between Melbourne, Williamstown, and d o w n Hobson's Bay. T h e same old tar has mentioned to m e the following incidents, well worth preserving, in connection with the times of old :—Originally the shipping used to employ stone ballast, and Fermaner was thefirstto substitute sand taken at Fisherman's Bend for the " Regia," ship, bound for Calcutta. T h e stone realized 10s. per ton, and thefirstprice paid for sand was 8s. In m y chapter on the Yarra,* it was stated that in its native condition the ledge of rocks known as the Yarra Falls contained a fissure large enough to admit the passage of a boat at high water. Captain Fermaner has since assured m e that in 1836 he passed through the aperture in a six-ton schooner, named the " Mary Anne," and proceeded up the Yarra as far as the present Church Street Bridge. Mr. John Murchison, w h o died at K e w in 1882, drove thefirst" tandem " overland from Sydney to Melbourne in 1838. H e had attained his 86th year, and was the grandsire of 36 descendants. T h efirstrecorded death from excessive drinking is that of Mrs. E m m a Sarah Briars, the wife of a quarryman, w h o arrived towards the close of 1838. O n the 17th January, 1839, Mr. Briars discovered his wife stretched on the floor. Dr. Cussen was sent for, but before he could arrive she expired. There was no such convenient appliance as a Guardian of Minors, and consequently no person legally authorized to give away in marriage any over-young lady desirous to contract a matrimonial alliance before ceasing to be an "infant." This want was remedied in January, 1839, by the appointment of the Police Magistrate (Captain Lonsdale) to an office which, one would think, was (though it was not) something like an absolute sinecure. Presumably on the principle embodied in the adage, poeta nascitur, orator fit, it is that the real poet is a rare animal in a new country ; for while orators m a y be turned out to order by the half-dozen, the true National bard is an organism which Nature is chary of evolving from h u m a n kind. The first original colonially manufactured effusion that I can find appears over the pseudonym of "Coloniensis" in the Port Phillip Gazette, 26th January, 1839. It is an ambitious production, with a fitting theme, and though I have never heard the n a m e of the writer, it contains internal evidence of style and treatment to induce m e to assign its authorship to George Arden, the Gazette Editor. Its

• Chapter X X X V I I , p. 497portraiture of the rapid early progress of the infant settlement is reality itself; and its forecast, though

extremely hyperbolical, has been verified to a marvellous degree, and would astound the writer, were he n o w alive. A s a literary curiosity here it is :—

MELBOURNE. Melbourne ! Unclassic, anti-native name ! A n d yet, as by Magician's spell up-sprung, Thee have I chosen, subjectfitfor song. N o antique relics, pyramids sublime M a y be thine to boast. But w h o thy hist'ry K n o w s ? Whether primal city, embattled Tower, or imperial throne on which have Sate tyrant Czars, a long succession, the Muse informs m e not. N o seer a m I, nor Doth m y vision scan time past ; sufficient 'Tis the present to describe. Then aid m e Austral Muse, if such exist. T h e swarthy Tribe appear'd, remov'd, or with force of arms, Into the interior driven back ; (For power, the law of right, too oft o'ercomes) A savage to a civil race gives way. Atfirst,selected, is large patch of land Deem'd suitable, and for water standing Well. A weather-boarded hut is rear'd, or O n e of turf; shingled or thatched, not to rain Or penetrating winds impervious, Or against the sweeping storm secure ; round It the electric fluid fork'd or sheet Is seen terrific ; while above is heard Of thunder loud, peal after peal : Meantime T h e lonely hut shakes at its very base, If base it m a y be nam'd. T h e affrighted Inmates now, their isolated thoughts, in Turn express and other neighbours wish. They Wish not long. M a n must not dwell alone. So H u t unites to hut, to acre, acre. A site thus fixed, a town is plan'd ; the streets At angles right are then divided off, A n d Anglicised. T h e whole a Statesman's n a m e They give, and call it Melbourne. It's fame n o w Sounded far ; emigration's tide rolls in, A n d population swells. Lot after lot Is sold. T h e lonely weather-boarded hut Is lost. T h e turf-built house is taken down. N o w brick to turf succeeds, and stone to wood. N o w spacious stores, and dwellings palace-like O n every hand are seen. Enacted n o w Are laws and magisterial rod, the Rights of each protect. Tis thus m e n form the Future empire ; the central city build. .Melbourne ! thy rise an Austral poet sings; But w h o thy fall shall see and thus record? I leave thee now, and distant be the day, W h e n " Here stood Melbourne," shall the traveller say.

The first Inspector of Slaughter-houses and cattle for slaughtering purposes, was Mr. William Wright, an early Chief-Constable, w h o was appointed as such o n ist February, 1839. In March, 1839, great satisfaction was felt in Melbourne by an announcement to the effect that the Colonial Surgeon " had received a supply of fresh cow-pox matter." T h e Gazette of the n t h M a y , 1839, notifies, as a remarkable sign of the times, "that M r . Thos. Sutherland, builder, married Miss Jones ; that fourteen days before the auspicious event he had neither house nor h o m e , and in that time had erected a substantial building thoroughly complete inside and out, and ready furnished to present to the object of his affection." The Town 8th June, 1839.

of Melbourne

was not brought

under

the operations

of the D o g Act until

N o person in Geelong could sell spirits or wines, even in quantities not less than two gallons, until June, 1839, when the second clause of the (then) General Licensing Act was extended to that township. A A very singular whale capture was effected off Williamstown on the 25th July, 1839. squadron of seven spouters put in an appearance, and had quite a lively time of it for an hour or two. Amongst others w h o beheld the sight was a M r . Harding, the chief officer of a brig n a m e d the " E m m a , " and a seasoned old whaler. They hastily m a n n e d a whale-boat, and not having a harpoon, borrowed a bayonet, which they fastened to a stick, and gave chase. Off Gellibrand Point a fine sperm whale was skilfully harpooned, and hauled ashore. It measuredfifty-fivefeet in length, and was purchased for ,£80 by Messrs. Campbell and Woolley, an old mercantile firm, and whose Mr. Woolley still lives in Melbourne. T h e first case of smuggling adjudicated upon in the colony was at the Police Court on the 17th September, 1839, w h e n one Spottiswood was charged by the Chief-Constable with a breach of the Customs Act, by having smuggled a ioolb. case of tobacco. H e was fined thrice the value of the

goods (,£57)Mr. H u g h Niven, a settler located a few miles from Geelong, was riding to that township on the 20th September, w h e n his horse stumbled and fell, throwing the rider and rolling over him. H e was found in the bush, and removed to McNaughton's inn, where he expired on the 23rd.

DROWNING OF A DIAMOND RING.

Perhaps of all the musty relics jettisoned by Time in the old waters through which I have trawled, there is none of m y recovered waifs possessed of a more peculiar interest than the legend here subjoined, and n o w for the first time worked into a connected narrative. It is a little epic in itself, both romantic and realistic, pointing the moral that in firmness and practical good sense is most likely to be found the efficacy sufficient to avert or mitigate the mortifying troubles of h u m a n existence. In the course of 1838 several English families of position and considerable pecuniary resources arrived in Sydney, intent upon wooing fortune in the wide field of Australian colonization, then attracting m u c h attention in the Mother-country. Attached to one of these migrating households in the capacity of governess, was Miss Theresa M , a bonny blonde, with gentle'Anglo-Saxon blood coursing through her veins, and of personal attractions only equalled by intellectual gifts and educational accomplishments. Born and bred in a London suburb, she contracted an intimacy with a young m a n in a higher grade of life, and, as usually happens, the attachment soon ripened into In consequence of the disparity in social relations an affection which was believed to be mutual. of their respective families, a marriage in England would entail consequences not to be prudentlydisregarded by one of the parties, and it was arranged that the lady should precede the gentleman in travelling to Australia, and he was to rejoin her in Melbourne by a certain time. A betrothal was enacted with all the fascinating folly of such ceremonies, and the gentleman's final attestation of the contract was slipping a diamond ring over what is conventionally known as the engagement finger; and so they parted. Miss M , w h o was not without moderate private means of her own, came on to Melbourne in the beginning of 1839, where she obtained an engagement in the family of one of the settlers located near town, and as this is not a chapter of a novel, it is no part of the writer's business to enter into a detailed description of the longing, pleasant, worrying time she had of it, yearning for the period fixed when a letter would be received from the fiance intimating when his arrival might be positively looked for. In consequence of the uncertainty of the English mails, this was to be during March; and though a couple of European posts had been received in Melbourne in the time, no message of love for Theresa was amongst them. Co-incidently on the 1st April she m a d e her way to the brick cottage in Chancery Lane, the h o m e of H e r Majesty's mails at the period, and when M r . David Kelsh, the grim guardian of the window, in a husky, curt, tone so familiar to him, blurted " Nothing for you Miss," the poor girl fancied that the day was emblematic of her errand, for it was " Fool's D a y " in reality for her. For thefirsttime a spasm of doubt—it was but a small one, there was not then room for more, since it would be treason to her love to encourage such an undreamed of idea—thrilled her trusting heart. " The little rift within the lute, That by-and-bye will m a k e the music mute, And, ever widening, slowly silence all."

Loving and hoping, crushing distrust when it whispered the possibility of deception, and ever haunted by waking and sleeping dreams, she passed through a harrying ordeal of several weeks, until one day, when calling at the Post Office, she was handed an English newspaper, and opening it, was thunderstruck by reading therein an announcement of the marriage of the recreant on the memory of whose last interview with her she had, so to speak, existed since they parted. T h e notification was ink-lined to give it significance, and there was little question as to the identity of the transmitter of the terrible news. T h e spell was immediately broken, the trustful girl was dis-illusioned. H e in w h o m she had so implicitly trusted, had played her false, and was a traitor to the vows attested by the ring. T h e shock wrung her heart in every fibre, and was near killing her; but she was not easily conquered, and with an almost superhuman effort she instantaneously resolved that her misplaced devotion should be suppressed, and every vestige of even a memory of her deceiver crushed out of her existence. She proceeded without delay to carry out her intention, and, walking along the river bank towards Richmond, near where the Botanical Garden Bridge now spans the water, she held final c o m m u n e with herself. T h e ring sparkled on her now disengaged finger, and every way she moved it some facet of the donor's treachery was reflected therefrom. At length her mind was finally m a d e u p ; there should be no half measures. H e r love should be quenched in oblivion, and no sooner was this resolve fixed than its execution was promptly commenced. Rushing from where she sat, she approached the river brink, looked into its then calm, pellucid waters, and drawing from her finger what she had for months reverenced as an amulet that would bring her peace and happiness, she gazed wistfully upon the small globe of carbon as it innocently flashed in the sun, and, with an untrembling hand, dropped it into the river, where, in all probability, it rests in peace in its liquid sepulchre to this day. Returning to town with a bursting heart, Miss M sought the solace of her couch. She had a dreary and harrowing night; but ere her eyes dozed in sleep some pitying muse looked into the chamber, and, inspired by the presence of the mysterious visitor, Miss M -, m u c h to her o w n astonishment, found a strange solace in versification, and, under an involuntary impulse, produced on paper a poetical effusion in every sense, a maiden essay. Thus disburdened, a feeling of quietude gradually possessed her; she enjoyed a dreamless tranquil sleep, and awoke with a conviction that her blighted attachment was as dead and buried, and as irrecoverable as the drowned ring. In the course of the day she forwarded the elegy so unaccountably written to the Editor of the Port Phillip Gazette, requesting its publication, and accordingly on the 22nd May, the following was presented to the reading public of Melbourne:— THE RING.

Let Yarra deep entomb my cherished ring— 'Twas given in colder climes to mem'ry dear— And let its sombre waters o'er it fling, A gloomy pall upon its darken'd bier. For why retain a pledge of vows misplaced, Which, broken like a mirror only shows The image which its spotless surface graced, In fragments fragile, which no spell can close ? Then let the Yarra, with its gentle sway, Assist me to obliterate the past; And let its sweet mimosa banks allay The turbid thoughts, with which my soul's o'ercast. But why should absence deeply steep the past In sleep, as cold as death, should only give ? And why should ties, ('twas said, must ever last) — Break—and then leave the sever'd far, to live ? Then Yarra, keep my faithless token-ring Enshrin'd for ever 'neath thy placid wave; It told of joys borne on Hope's buoyant wing, Embalm it—let it find in thee its grave. THERESA.

The lady did not tarry long in Melbourne, and returning to Sydney, in the course of two or three years, she became acquainted with the captain of a "merchantman" trading between the Port and Liverpool. T h e skipper, w h o was of Dutch descent, fell in love with her, and offering his hand in marriage, she took it and threw away the green willow. She sped back to Europe with her sailor husband, and after a few successful voyages he joined a commercial house in Belgium, where he not only prospered, but acquired m u c h wealth. Not longer than a dozen years ago it was known in Melbourne that he was residing in the vicinity of Brussels, the father of a numerous family. His wife was then a proud and portly matron, the once luxuriant auburn hair considerably lessened in its dimensions, and more of a silvern than a golden hue, and the face, though lacking its pristine lustre, preserving relics of the brilliant beauty once enthroned there. But no one could tell if she ever looked back to that long ago day when the Yarra Yarra swallowed her discarded diamond ring. In November, 1839, the following notification appeared

in the newspaper advertisements

of the day :—

• ' rTTENDERS will be received until the 1st of December, by parties willing to

JL contract for the establishment of a Ferry over the lower part of Collins and the middle of Elizabeth Streets ; the state of which in rainy weather, renders these impassable without the means of a Punt."

This is evidently a skit, but it by no means misrepresented the once almost utterly impassable state of the Melbourne thoroughfares. Subsequent to the death of Mr. W . F. A. Rucker, his son presented to the Melbourne Public Library the books of the Derwent Banking Agency, which was one of thefirstbanking institutions established in Melbourne. T h e set consists of cash-book, ledger, bill-book, letter-book, with a packet of cheques and vouchers, and two parcels of various documents. A m o n g the names which appear in the books is that of the historical John Batman, and according to the " Bills Receivable " book, the first bill negotiated by the Agency was one drawn on 1st February, 1838, by John M'Nall, in favour of T h o m a s Napier. T h e ledger shows transactions with John Batman from 17th April to 25th August, 1838, amounting in the aggregate to ,£398 8s. In the Letter-book appears the following, from the Manager to the Chairman of the Board of Directors :—" I have now about ,£200 in small bills from , w h o is a good mark; shall I do them?" T h e M'Nall referred to kept a somewhat extensive butcher's shop in Collins Street East. T h e T h o m a s Napier was an enterprising old colonist, n o w dead. The first immigrant ship to arrive from England was the "David Clarke" in 1839. The first person for whom a residence was erected at the now flourishing St. Kilda, was Mr. George Thomas, of the firm of Thomas, Enscoe, and James, established at the corner of Flinders and William Streets. This was in 1840, when Thomas held a license to depasture cattle on the picturesque country then known as the R e d Bluff and the Green Knoll. T h e R e d Bluff was nautically denominated as Point Ormond, and the designation "St. Kilda" was conferred by Mr. Latrobe, thefirstSuperintendent of Port Phillip.

SPECIAL SURVEYS.

In the early days of colonization, a right of free selection on a large scale was permitted in Port Phillip, by which tracts of country were taken up at the rate of jf per acre. Brighton, Kilmore, Belfast, and other places were so appropriated until the system was abolished in 1840. T h e following is a waif relating thereto, the original of which is not now to be found in our Lands and Survey Department:— Return of all special Surveys taken prior to the abrogation of the system .—

COUNTY.

Bourke Bourke Gippsland Gippsland Gippsland Unnamed at Bourke

PARISH.

Bulleen Moorabbin Unnamed Unnamed Unnamed Mt. Martha Boroondara

No

OF ACRES.

A.

R.

p.

5120 5120 5120 5120 5120 5120 5120

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

N A M E OF

PURCHASER.

Frederick Wright Unwin Henry Dendy John Orr William Rutledge John Reeve Hugh Jamieson Henry Elgar

NOTE.—Besides the above, a special survey of 5120 acres was purchased for Henry Hopkins, of Hobart Town, which was subsequently taken in detached sections, and is consequently not included in preceding return. There still remains unsatisfied a special survey order for 5120 acres, purchased by P. W . Flower, Sydney.

Amongst the earliest sticking-up cases is that of Mr. place was, on the 7th January, 1840, surrounded and pretended they were shooting lyre birds. O n the 17th blackfellows rushed the homestead of Mr. Hector Munro, the shepherds, drove off all the sheep.

Watson, a settler on the Goulburn, whose gutted by seven armed scoundrels, who of the same month a m o b of thirty-six near Mount Alexander, and rounding up

A BACHELORS' BALL.

The commencement of 1840 was distinguished by a pair of happy re-unions. There was a susceptible influx of imported respectability in the latter portion of 1839, including a sprinkling of gay young cavaliers and attractive damsels. It was therefore determined to get up thefirstbachelors' ball. There were three hotels, the Lamb Lnn, the Caledonian, and the Adelphi, with large apartments attached, though for some reason or other none of them was deemed suitable. Mr. W . F. A. Rucker had a new brick store in Market Street, and this place the proprietor freely placed at the service of the projectors of the coming festivities. T h e event was fixed for the 14th January. There was an orchestra of six musicians, and, luckily, the precaution was taken of borrowing one of the three or four pianos then in town. O n e hundred cards of invitation had been issued, and there were but few absentees. T h e supper was served in a marquee at the rear, communicating by a covered way with the ballroom, and everything went on as merrily as could be required until the refreshing of the band, when the copiousness of the stimulants imbibed had such an effect upon the performers that they unceremoniously stampeded from the place, leaving the deserted dancers in a plight. T h e improvisation of choruses of h u m m e r s or whistlers was suggested, but it was a notion impossible as well as absurd. T h e extrication from the annoying, though laughable dilemma, wasfinallyeffected by four of the ladies volunteering as amateur pianistes, and so Trip it gaily as you go, O n the light fantastic toe,

Was the order of the early moon-lit morning, and the merriment was kept up with no intermission, until a general dispersion was effected. T h e return home, however, witnessed a singular mishap. Amongst the departing equipages was the carriage of Mr. T h o m a s Wills, with five lady inmates, and as the Melbourne streets were then mostly a mixture of ravine and quagmire, the coachman, to secure as firm ground as was possible for his drive, took the circuitous route of William Street and Bourke Street. H e whipped along in safety until he approached the intersection of Bourke and Swanston Streets, where frowned a centrepiece in the shape of a large, upright, gum-tree trunk, flanked by a yawning rut. In turning the corner the vehicle was by some mischance tumbled into the chasm, the driver was shot out of his box-perch, and the horses bolting, dashed into collision with a tree growing in the street, where the whole concern was reduced to a condition of smash. T h e horses finally got away, the carriage was in pieces, and the five fair belles were left sprawling in the m u d . O n e of them was pronounced as being in that condition which is conventionally classified as " interesting," yet, almost incredible to relate, neither she nor her companions, though nearly frightened out of their lives, were seriously injured. The following narrative of an early case of self-murder presents circumstances of horrible ghastliness, in the midst of which one can hardly refrain from smiling at the methodical madness of some of its surroundings. A Dr. Mitchell, the scion of a highly respectable Edinburgh family, and of great professional acquirements, came out as Surgeon Superintendent of an Immigrant ship bound from Leith to Adelaide. H e proceeded hence to Sydney where he remained for a few weeks, and returned to Melbourne, putting up the Lamb Lnn, and drinking immoderately. O n the 24th January, 1840, he was found dead, and in one of his pockets was found an unfinished and unsigned draft of a will, one side of which was covered with writing in justification of suicide. One day in February, 1840, Mr. Wright, who resided a few miles from town over the Yarra, sent in one of his m e n with a bullock dray for stores. T h e fellow loaded the vehicle, and had a female passenger, after which he adjourned to a public-house to enjoy himself. Hours elapsed before he returned to start homewards, himself very full, but his bullocks very empty. T h e day being extremely hot, the beasts were half dead with thirst, and on nearing the Yarra and smelling the water, off bolted the bullocks and plunged into the river with the dray and all it contained. T h e driver and his lady passenger escaped with difficulty, the stores were all spoiled, andfivesheep and six of the bullocks drowned. " Damper and doughboys " were the two first flour-eating industries in the colony, and the third was probably brick-making. T h efirstchimneys in the primitive habitations were composed of slabs and clay, and to ensure durability and comfort Launceston bricks were introduced. T h efirstbrickfield was over the Yarra, eastward of Prince's Bridge, and thence transferred to between theriverand Emerald Hill; but the bricks m a d e there were very unserviceable in consequence of the unsuitability of the material and the brackishness of the water. O f thefirstcolonists to improve such an unsatisfactory state of affairs, was Mr. David Lyons, w h o purchased some land at Richmond, and commenced brickworks there. H e also, without protection or bonus, started thefirstcandle-making establishment in Melbourne. His chandlery, so early as 1840, stood at the corner of Market and Little Flinders Streets, the present site of the London Hotel, and the "Lyons mould candles" were thefirstlocally made. H e died in January, 1883. The first prosecution of an owner of scabby sheep (though found on Crown Lands), was dealt with at the Melbourne Police Court on 20th March, 1840, when the defendant was fined 40s. T h e first brick building erected in Geelong was in 1840 and the residence of Rev. M r . Love. T h e n o w well-known Mack's Hotel was originally a slab hut before the licensing era.

A LADIES' PICNIC.

The guests of the recent celebration were charmed with the chivalrous and generous conduct of the bachelors, and they decided to return the compliment in some becoming manner. This took the form of a picnic, and came off on the 22nd February at what was then somewhat vaguelydescribed as " the hill at the Salt Water River Racecourse." It is unnecessary to identify this as the now famed Flemington " Hill," whereon so many thousands perch themselves on a C u p d a y — a place in 1840 a wild scrub encircled, swamp-bound wilderness, and n o w the scene of a series of transformations as wonderful as any written of in Oriental fable. This was thefirstoccasion of its being pressed into the service of al fresco revellers, and was a grand success. Tents were borrowed in town, and conveyed to the field of action, where they were turned into an encampment, and the early chronicles declare "that at 3 o'clock 150 ladies and gentlemen 'sat d o w n ' to a dinner provided by Mr. Overton." This caterer was thefirstto start business as confectioner and pastry-cook in Melbourne ; and he is, in 1888, alive, and an active, bustling man. T h e T o w n Band was there, but did not skedaddle this time, probably through the limited supply of drinkable rations served to them. Though the weather was oppressively warm, dancing was kept up at " a killing pace " until sunset, when the joyous gathering found its way back to town without any sensational occurrence, or cause for a coroner's inquest. This Ladies' Return Picnic was the theme of pleasant gossip for many a day after, and it was estimated to have precipitated a score of honeymoons in the course of the current half-year. T w o other old festivities occurred, but were unconnected with any special association or party. In July, 1840, several adventurers arrived from Sydney, with cattle intended to be depastured on Port Phillip runs. They were so elated with the promising prospects before them that they gave a grand ball on the 21st at the Adelphi Hotel, Little Flinders Street. Though the room was 60 feet long, it was inconveniently crowded, for over 200 persons were present. M u c h disappointment was felt at the absence of Superintendent Latrobe, w h o promised to, but did not attend. In such importance was this entertainment held that business in several of the few shops then in the principal streets was suspended during the afternoon. THE LICENSED VICTUALLERS IN 1840.

What a contrast is presented by a comparison of the trade in 1840 with what it is in 1888 W h a t a sorry figure the then miserable little string of publicans, compared with the great grog-selling muster roll of to-day ! T h e following is extracted from the Port Philip Herald: — L I C E N S E S . — O n the 21st April, 1840, at the Court of Petty Sessions the following licensees were successful:— Flinders Lane—William Allingham, Ship fnn; Lewis Pedrana, Dundee Arms; John Shaw, Shaw's Hotel; Michael Pender, the Shamrock; T h o m a s Britton, Philadelphia Hotel. Collins Street—Thomas Halfpenny, William Tell; T h o m a s Anderson, Lamb Lnn; T h o m a s Graham, Edinburgh Tavern. Collins Lane—William Evans, Builder's Arms; John O'Shaughnessy, the Australian Hotel. Bourke Street—William Sidebottom, Golden Fleece. Bourke L a n e — T h o m a s Walton, Horse and Jockey. William Street—M. Harper, British Hotel. Queen Street—John Shanks, Royal Highlander. Queen Street—John Byng, Victoria Tavern. Elizabeth Street—George Coulstock, Melbourne Tavern. Williamstown—James Muir. Pascoevale—Edward Butler, the Young Queen. Flinders Lane held the premier place in the small nobblerizing community ; Collins and Q u e e n . Streets followed; Bourke and Elizabeth Streets had each its unit; whilst the great thoroughfares of to-day—Swanston, Russell and Lonsdale Streets—were entirely ignored. T h e first Tradesmen's Ball was held at the Caledonian Hotel, Lonsdale Street, on 18th January, 1841, at which eighty couples were present.

FITZROY IN 1841.

The large tract of country now occupied as the site of a large flourishing city is thus pourtrayed (as it appeared in the summer of 1841-2) by the H o n . R. Dundas Murray, a visitor, in a work written by him, and published in Edinburgh, in 1 8 4 3 : — " A large suburb called Newtown is now springing up to the eastward of the town, and long since the chosen resort of the principal inhabitants, whose residences are dispersed throughout the many lovely spots with which it abounds. Certainly nothing can be more romantic and secluded than the sites of many of their villas. Almost all of them stand in the shadow of giant forest trees, which here spread over the ground like the ornamental timber of a park; the hollows and eminences by which the surface is broken being alike clear of underwood, and of every object but the vast stems that shoot up at regular intervals from each other. T h e solitude, besides, is most profound; and though Melbourne is only a short mile distant, so little is its noise carried that way, that you might easily fancy yourself far away in the depths of the inland forest. But the greatest attraction is the green sward, which stretches up to every door, everywhere offering to the tread a short, firm carpet of verdure, a luxury of no small price to those whose daily labours lead them into the dust of the town. N o greater annoyance can be conceived than this fine dust, clouds of which rise during high winds of such volume and density as to darken the skies over the town, and for a time to envelope it in the gloom of a London fog." At the January Quarter Sessions of 1841, six blackfellows were convicted of assault and robbery, and each sentenced to ten years' transportation. They and three others, nine in all, were placed on board the "Victoria" cutter, for transfer to the "Vesper" schooner, in the bay, bound for Sydney. They were ironed singly, and in passing down the river, when near the Saltwater Junction, all of them suddenly jumped up, flung off their blankets and bounded into the water. T h e guard fired on the swim-aways, killing one and wounding another, w h o was re-captured. T h e rest managed to gain the bank, and scrambling into the scrub, broke off the irons and escaped. The first coroner's inquest in the Province was held at the Lamb Lnn, Collins Street West, on 16th January, 1841. In the month of March, 1841, at Geelong, one of the officers of the barque "Majestic" indulged in a bath at Point Henry. Whilst standing in the water an immense stingaree thrust its sting into the man's thigh, and actually dragged him some distance before he could be rescued. O n being got ashore the sufferer was attended by Dr. Clerke, Assistant Colonial Surgeon, w h o with m u c h difficulty extracted the sting, which measured eight inches in length by one in breadth. In July, 1841, Mr. Watson introduced two Maltese stallion asses, which were considered quite a novelty. They arrived in the " Frankfield," from Liverpool, were two-year-olds, and fourteen hands high. About the same time a Mr. Ardlie brought four camels (two males and two females) from India to Sydney, where the " gentlemen " ones died. T h e " ladies" he sent overland to Melbourne. They were onlyfifteenmonths old and about sixteen hands high. Their owner proposed to import a number from India for the Government, taking all risk at ,£60 per head, an offer not accepted. A shocking suicide occurred in December, 1841, at the Caledonian Hotel, long vanished from Lonsdale Street. A M r . G. W . A. Gordon, w h o had been in the service of the East India Company, O n e morning he arrived in Melbourne in the previous October, and gave way to habits of intemperance. did not m a k e his appearance at the breakfast table, and on the door of his room being burst open, deceased was found dead in bed, his throat cut from ear to ear, and an open razor grasped in his hand. A sheet of paper, inscribed with an inventory of unpaid h o m e debts amounting to ,£"1,095, was found on a table close by. H e came of a highly-respectable family in Aberdeenshire. T h e first illicit still discovery was m a d e in April, 1842, by M r . C. H . L e Souef a Custom House Officer, who, after a weary quest of eight days "sprung the plant" in a ti-tree scrub near Dandenong. It was capable of distilling forty-eight gallons in twenty-four hours, had been three months at work, producing 250 gallons of potheen every week, and this vile " raki" was delivered at the brickfields over the river to an agent, w h o got rid of it through the licensed and unlicensed grog-sellers ; but although twenty-nine persons were believed to be engaged in the " spec," not one of them was brought to justice. T h e consequences of over-cleverness were exhibited in a funny way at the April Criminal Sessions, 1842. A cattle-stealing case was d o w n for trial, and one Charles Jones, m u c h interested in the acquittal of the accused, attempted to " nobble " an important Crown witness by giving him .£30 to m a k e himself scarce when the case was called. T h e witness took the money, but "peached" on the briber, w h o was arrested, andfiguredin the same calendar as his friend. Jones was convicted, and sentenced to two years' imprisonment, with £ 1 0 0 fine. But the cream of the joke was that the cattle-stealer was tried on the same day, and though the supposed material witness was examined, the jury returned a verdict of " Not Guilty," so he was discharged, and the unlucky Jones retained to take it out on the stool of repentance. One of the earliest extensive nocturnal outrages was committed at the store of E. Westby and Co., Little Flinders Street (28th July, 1842), which was plundered of a large iron safe containing the account books and ,£7000 worth of bills. T h e robbers had secreted themselves during the day, and at night the safe was lowered with a pulley from the second floor to the ground. T h e books were found a few days after in the Yarra near the breakwater, whilst the bills were turned out of the chimney of a house occupied by one Byng on the Eastern Hill, though there was no reason to suppose him to be a particeps criminh. A large reward was offered, and the police professed to have done a deal in beating up the guilty parties, yet no conviction followed. In all the literature of the marriage ring, I have met nothing to exceed the naivete of the following intimation of an Hymeneal "January and May," as gazetted in the newspapers:—" Married on the 20th August, 1842, by special licence, at the residence of Stephen C o o m b s , Esq., of Collins Street, by the Rev. M r . Bell, Presbyterian Minister, Captain Miller, late of H e r Majesty's 40th Regiment, aged sixty-five, to Miss M'Queen, of N e w Norfolk, aged seventeen. After the ceremony the happy couple, with their friends, partook of a splendid repast, and retired late in the evening highly delighted." T h e m a n w h o raised thefirsthead of cabbage in Melbourne was James Liddy, a licensed victualler in the Adam and Eve Hotel, in Little Collins Street ; and it was in a little garden at the rear of that hotel that he accomplished his horticultural feat. O n the 22nd September, 1842, M r . John Lewis, a greengrocer in Little Collins Street, exhibited in his shop window a head of 'early York cabbage, weighing 4 2 ^ lbs., and measuring 5 ft. 8 in. In 1842, a Mrs. Nott Simpson was in the service of Mr. W . Thomas, an Assistant Protector of Aborigines, at Dandenong. Early in the evening with two of her children, she started on a visit to a dairy acquaintance on a station of Mr. Leslie Foster, some two miles from the Dandenong Creek crossing-place, and after making a brief stay she left to return home. One of her youngsters she carried in her arms, and the other trudged by her side. Nothing like a regular road was then to be found, the only thoroughfares being rough cattle tracks, crossing each other in every direction. Mrs. Simpson struck into one of these, which, instead of conducting her homeward, stuck her hard and fast in the ranges. Not returning in time, her absence excited considerable alarm, and search parties were organized to scour the country in every direction. The black police and the few residents in the locality set to work, dragged the creek, and for a week searched everywhere, without effect, when the absentees were given up for lost. A Mr. Dobie occupied a station in the neighbourhood, and he with one of his shepherds while in quest of some stray sheep decided upon following a track into the ranges. After proceeding some distance they came upon a mia mia, or hut, made of boughs, and as the Aborigines mostly construct theirs of bark, the hut-keeper exclaimed, " This is no blackfellow's doing. Mrs. Simpson must have been here." They carefully examined the place, and discovered footprints as if of a person walking on one foot bare and the other in a boot. These marks they traced some way, and soon after, to their astonishment, beheld Mrs Simpson coming from a creek with a boot filled with water, which she was taking to a child placed in a hollow log, near which the other was sitting. Dobie hailed her, and looking round, she got alarmed and ran away, but the m e n followed and overtook her. The hut-keeper inquired if she was hungry, and her reply was, "I can walk to Melbourne. Is it far?" Both mother and children were after some persuasion taken to a station of the Rev. J. Clow, not far off, where every attention was paid to them, medical aid obtained, and they soon rallied and recovered. The most extraordinary feature in the event is that these human stray-aways were for nine days and nights bushed, and had only a lump of butter to subsist upon, Still they survived. Mrs. Simpson could never give any satisfactory account of how they contrived to live, except that they used to eat leaves and some roots and berries. Mrs. Simpson, her boy and girl, were soon convalescent; the youngsters in course of time grew up, married, and became the parents of other youngsters. The mother, I believe, is still living (1888) in Kyneton, well and hearty. This narrative, not previously, so far as I know in print, is so unaccountably strange that I should hesitate in publishing it but for the unquestionable source from which it was communicated to me. THE FIRST FOUNDRY.

Early in 1842 two enterprising Scotchmen made their appearance in Melbourne. They were named Robert Langlands and Thomas Fulton, who had formed a partnership before emigrating, and after a brief look round they resolved upon the establishment of an iron foundry. Flinders Street then was absolutely a swamp, and ground thereabouts was to be had cheap enough. A n allotment running from Flinders Street to Little Flinders Street was obtained, whereon some small, rough shops were hastily thrown together, and an actual start made. From the inception of the undertaking, difficulties, now almost incredible, though then hard, unpleasant facts interposed, and anything like even the most trifling progress could only be effected by pluck and determination of no ordinary character. The proprietary was certainly possessed of some of the tools of trade, but of a quantity and quality the reverse of encouraging. There was in the place only one piece of machinery, a small slide rest lathe, to be turned by foot, not a very assuring prospect for the class of work to be executed. The earliest milling firm was that of Messrs. Allison and Knight, who had premises erected off the southern line of Collins Street West, near King Street, for which was imported a steam engine. Langlands and Fulton were employed to erect this "work of art," and they also received orders for rack wool-presses required by the squatters who use this sort of article, until a screw-press was received from Van Diemen's Land to serve as a model for an improved appliance. But the great stumbling-block at the infant foundry was the want of suitable apparatus. A pair of large blacksmith's bellows was indispensable to enable William Crole (afterwards the proprietor of the Vulcan Foundry, Geelong) to weld a screw shaft out of the small bars of iron, then only obtainable; and the blower was accomplished by the energy of E d m u n d Ashley, w h o afterwards had a creditable and successful Colonial career. Next came the cutting of a square threaded screw for the wool-press with the small lathe already mentioned, and this feat could only be tackled by the partner Fulton, the principal mechanic. T h e lathe had to be lengthened to take up the screw, and the only motive power available was to place a belt on a grindstone and turn it by hand. W h e n the screw was cut about one-third its depth, the lathe was found to be too light and weak for the work, and Fulton, with h a m m e r and chisel was obliged to cut the screw to the full depth. After some time, horse-power was substituted for the manual labour, and at length, by a rare stroke of luck, a small rotatory engine was picked up, which was in time further improved on by the importation from Scotland of an antiquated seven horse-power steam-engine and some engineering tools. In 1843-4, when Port Phillip was in the direst throes of financial distress, and its golden fleeces fell to small account, it was ascertained that a dead sheep was better than a living one, and the melting-pot appeared as the public regenerator. Tallow instead of wool was the watch-word, and the boiling d o w n of carcases eventuated in shoving the Province through its menacing troubles. In the heating and steaming experiments thefirstfoundry played an early part, and the first six sheep were sent there by Messrs. Watson and Wight. This brief period might be historically labelled as the age of mutton, for legs of that material, some weighing 9 lbs., could be purchased at the boiling-down entrepots at from 4s. to 5s. per dozen, and retailed to the public at sixpence each. After a business connection of four years the co-partnery was dissolved, and Fulton (in partnership with George A n n a n d and Robert Smith) started at the north-east corner of Collins and King Streets, afterwards in the premises k n o w n as Manton's Mill, and remained there for a number of years. H e was accidentally killed at Sandhurst, through the false warping of a rope by which he was ascending a shaft. Ashley kept with Fulton, and only severed his connection in 1851. Fulton was the sort of m a n for an infant setttlement, skilful and industrious, strong of mind, iron in frame, outspoken, and honest to the backbone. A singular case of drowning and dreaming occurred on the 5th February, 1843. James Marnell lived with his wife just across the Yarra, and the m a n came into town on some business. After he left, the'woman went to sleep and dreamed that her husband was drowned. O n awaking she was visited by a neighbour to w h o m she recounted the dream, and had just concluded when a messenger arrived with intelligence that Marnell had accidentally fallen into the river and was drowned.

T h e bakers were a troublesome craft, and when the journeymen were not striking for high wages the masters were striking for high prices. In July, 1843, the latter began a strike against each other, and for a short time the consumers practically realized the adage about thieves falling out, etc. T h e "deil was amang the bakers," and very welcome he was, too, though his stay was brief. Competition brought d o w n the 4lb. loaf to 3j4d., and there was such a rush for bread that on the 18th all the shops were cleared out. A Trade Meeting was held, and it was decided to raise the price to 6d., or 5s. 6d. per dozen loaves.

In connection with the "boiling-down" experiments, I find the following metrical effusion by a bard w h o appropriately enough signed himself " Juvenis," and flourished in April, 1844. "At Melbourne, some few months ago, W h e n stock was selling very low, Our settlers hurried to and fro, A n d looked and talked despairingly. "But Melbourne showed another sight, W h e n , through the thickest gloom of night, Forth burst a voice ' All will be right ! Build melting-down establishments.' " T h e n all at once on Yarra's banks Yast numbers rushed with beams and planks, A n d cauldrons, boilers, tubs, and tanks Were piled on heaps promiscuously. "And now on Yarra's bank a scene O f fearful carnage m a y be seen, A n d bloodier work than e'er has been At Linden, Prague, or Waterloo. " Prostrate beneath those awful sheds, Ten thousand lie on gory beds ; Hide, butchers, your diminished heads In blaze of our establishments."

What a curious contrast is presented in the specifics prescribed for righting the meat markets of 1844 and 1888 ! T h e n it was thawing, n o w it is freezing. For years after the foundation of Melbourne no vehicles plied for hire, for the inhabited limits of the township did not extend beyond the area bounded by King, Lonsdale, Russell, and Flinders Streets; and as for suburbs, there were only Newtown (Collingwood), Richmond, half-a-dozen tenements at St. Kilda, and some half as many at Sandridge. Liardet, the mail contractor between the Bay and Melbourne, put on a cart, and afterwards a two-horse vehicle, and, in 1844, a queerish kind of 'bus was ventured between Melbourne and St. Kilda, but was soon laid up through a dearth of custom. T h e first approach to a cab was an ingenious contrivance, worked by one Peter Jackson, a shelved coach-builder, who, in some mysterious manner, annexed an invalided Dublin "jingle," imported by some " well-in" immigrant; but the roughness of old colonial ways soon taught him otherwise, and the " Shandradan" was disrated and sent adrift to shift for itself. It was not until after the gold discoveries that covered cabs made their appearance. Li 1847-8 a brougham and a cab appeared in Collins Street, and the following year some half-a-dozen of both found precarious employment. In October, 1849, it was announced in the newspapers that M r . Howard, the proprietor of the Royal Llotel, at St. Kilda, " had started a new omnibus, built after the latest London fashion." It made two trips per day between St. Kilda and Melbourne; fare, is. At the same time a 'bus m a d e one daily trip between Brighton and Melbourne, starting from the former place at 8.30 a.m., and on its return at 4.30 p.m.; fares, 2 s. each way. Mr. T. C. Riddell and Dr. Palmer were the first to provide public baths. Swimming baths were opened for gentlemen in January, 1844, over the river, opposite the Custom House. They were sixty feet long, and the ferryman sold tickets—i.e., red 6d., black 3d. T h e sixpenny tokens admitted to what might be termed, though a solecism, the dress circle ; the others to the pit, a division of the pool less select. In February, 1845, Liardet, an hotelkeeper, established a swimming concern at Sandridge. The occasional glut of fat cattle and sheep benefited the public in the same way as the contentions of the bakers, and meat was often to be got for something amounting to little more than a song. In February, 1844, the following rates were advertised in the Melbourne newspapers :—Best beef and mutton, id. per lb.; lamb (not to be surpassed), is. per quarter; and rounds of prime beef, 1 J^d. per lb. Times were very bad and money scarce in 1844, yet somehow or other the ladies contrived to keep up their supplies of pin-money—at least, such must have been so, if one is to credit the published fact that during thefirstfivedays of February the sum of ,£1250 was taken over the counter at the shop of Mr. Spence, a draper in Elizabeth Street. Mr. Spence retired from business without reaping a golden harvest. The public nuisance of street preaching set in as early as 1839, and one of that fraternity used to advertise himself as " C. A. Robertson, Israelite Missionary." H e was a loud-voiced and an unmealy-mouthed MMM ranter, w h o held forth, mounted on a barrel, in the old Market Square. His stock-in-trade was " Anti-Christ and the Papists," and one Sunday, in the beginning of 1844, a number of R o m a n Catholics determined upon testing h o w far immersion might operate in softening his abusive tongue towards the creed in which they were believers. Sunday afternoon arrived, and so did the preacher, with a barrel for a pulpit. H e was soon, in full lung, dilating upon the abominations of Anti-Christ, Popery, and the Scarlet Lady, when the rostrum was rushed, and the evangelist knocked off his perch. Half-a-dozen strong arms rolled him over, packed him into his o w n barrel, like a shelled snail, and were about to revolve him off to the Yarra, therein to sink or swim, when, luckily for his earthly salvation, some police came up and rescued him. His narrow escape had as cooling an effect upon him as an actual sousing in the river. T h e first elopement occurred in March, 1844. M r . and Mrs. Hemingsley carried on business in Collins Street, and as an attraction his wife added a cigar divan, over which the lady presided in person, dispensing smiles with cheroots. She was a paragon of politeness to customers, and a very attractive w o m a n , with rosy cheeks and ebony locks. She accordingly m a d e an impression upon a black-haired, close-shaved, tallow-faced young settler named Quinan, who, beginning with the purchase of a bundle of cigars, ended by bargaining for the lady herself, w h o decamped with him on a Wednesday evening. They stayed for two or three days at the house of a friend in Lonsdale Street, and thence found their way to a place appropriately known as " Sugarloaf Creek," on the overland route to Sydney, where they found comfortable quarters at Young's Hotel, and were never after seen in Melbourne. T h e gentleman cleverly contrived to procure " free passes," for throughout the journey he paid his way liberally by cheques drawn on the Union Bank, all of which turned out valueless. Hemingsley and the police professed to m a k e a mighty fuss after the lady's exit, but to no purpose. T h e deserted Hemingsley grew inconsolable, and the Melbourne Magistrates sympathized with him so far as to appoint him poundkeeper at Deep Creek; but he so " pounded " away at the public-houses that he very soon became poundless as well as wifeless. In May, 1844, Messrs. Riddell and Stephens consigned 1100 sheep to the establishment of Watson and White in Melbourne; and the average yield of tallow was 53 lbs., giving 5s. n d . each sheep, and only ten days elapsed between the delivery of the sheep and the delivery of the cash. A Mr. David Y kept a grocer's shop in Collins Street, and was a thrifty thriving, well-to-do man. Coming from the " land of green heath and shaggy wood," few of his countrymen n e w better h o w to transmute a bawbee into a " canary," and his bank pass-book was a pleasant one to look at—at least for himself. H e owned some land at the Merri Creek, which was sublet to one James M ' M a h o n , and as the latter's farming operations did not pay as expected he fell into arrears with his rent. H e was under a landlord w h o would stand no nonsense, and to stave off the bailiffs he resorted—as was believed at the instance of his creditor—to illicit distillation. Accordingly an excavation was m a d e in the scrub near M'Mahon's hut, the plant was procured—also, as was believed, by the landlord's help—and M ' M a h o n having learned potheen brewing in Ireland was soon making a handsome thing of it. Information of the goings on being communicated to the authorities, on the night of 22nd M a y , 1844, Major St. John, Inspector of Distilleries, with the Chief-Constable and a couple of troopers, surprised M ' M a h o n and an an assistant " worming" away in the hut, and pouncing on the workshop found therein a complete still, two large casks of wash, twelve gallons of strong whisky, and other accompaniments, all of which, and the two men, they transferred to town. A few days after the Collins Street establishment was searched, and a seizure m a d e of two demijohns of 13 o.p. whisky. T h e Derwent wine vaults, a tavern at N e w t o w n (Fitzroy), rented from Y by Joseph Coulstock, was also overhauled, and some un-customed liquors unearthed there. M ' M a h o n was brought before the Police Court, pleaded guilty to the possession of an illicit still, and was fined ,£100 or twelve months' imprisonment. Y was prosecuted for defrauding the revenue, and was also fined £ 1 0 0 or a year in gaol, but he paid the money. A second conviction followed for a second offence with a similar penalty, but Y , sooner than pay a second fine went to prison. W h e n the police found he would not " bleed " freely other informations were withdrawn. Landlord and tenant were n o w " caged birds " together, and though each served his full time gross favouritism was said to be shown to the rich m a n , whose m o n e y enabled him to procure sundry small indulgences which tended to alleviate the ennui of incarceration—comforts unprocurable by the other, w h o was believed to be simply a tool in the hands of Y , and forced by the pressure placed on h i m — a law-breaker by compulsion. H o w M ' M a h o n fared in after life I cannot say, but Y on his enlargement went on and prospered. H e became a m e m b e r of the T o w n Council, and his n a m e is perpetuated in the street nomenclature of one of Melbourne's suburban cities. A few months after William Turner was caught flagrante delicto whisky-making in a house in Lonsdale Street, and was fined ,£100. Short of means of payment, and having a large family, the Magistrates reduced his term of imprisonment to four months. O n the 31st October, 1844, the price of new-laid eggs had fallen to 4d. per dozen, and the best fresh butter was hawked through the streets for 5d. per lb. Writing of butter, I may again pass to bread and its congeners. Wheaten bread is supposed to be a Chinese invention, though its origin is uncertain. But no such mistiness clouds the cradle of another edible of almost general use in the early times. This was the well-known " damper," simply a well-handled, well baked mixture offlourand water. This rude method of making bread was invented by William Bond, one of what was known as " thefirstfleet"arrivals in Sydney, where he carried on the bakery business, and was the author of thefirstbread loaf proper kneaded in N e w South Wales. H e died in Pitt Street, Sydney, A n n o 1839, after attaining to the very advanced age of n o years. There is a place near Dandenong called " N o good Damper," and the origin of this n a m e is very laughable. T h e proprietor of a small store there had occasion to be sometimes away from home, and the Aborigines, w h o had a great weakness for flour and mutton, stole a quantity of some flour, but the storekeeper said he would be even with the blacks. So he got a couple of bags of lime from Melbourne, and m a d e them do duty for the flour at his next absence. " Blacky " called again, but instead of flour purloined a bag of lime, and left in great glee. O n arriving at their quambying ground they c o m m e n c e d baking operations, when on mixing water with the supposedflour,they were horrified to find itfizz,and fancying the white man's "debble debble" was about to bewitch them, they ran away yelling, " N o good damper, no good damper." So thus the phrase took, and so the storeman's place is n a m e d to this day. T h e flour was never troubled after. Arsenic, is said to have been often mixed with flour for the special use of the blacks at more than one of the stations in the then wild interior. THE LAWYER AND HIS "QUARRY." Mr. J. B. Quarry was a very stylish Attorney, and he and a Mr. John Willmett espoused two handsome sisters. It was said that Mrs. Quarry had neither love nor liking for her lawful lord, and the gossiping world soon gave out that it was not all bliss in the Quarry elysium. T h e husband felt that he had soon reason to doubt thefidelityof his wife, and resolved to send her in keeping to her parents ; but until he should be able to m a k e arrangements requisite for her departure, he deposited her under surveillance at Willmett's house in North Richmond. T h e brother-in-law was a wary guardian, and kept watch and ward unceasingly. Still there was strong reason for believing that the lady was by some means in communication with the outer world. Willmett had certain premonitions that something critical would happen on the night of the 7th September, 1844, and, as events proved, his presentiment was not groundless. Double sentries were put on ; AVillmett and his servant watching in the front verandah, and Quarry and his valet posted as a guard in the rear. After waiting patiently for some time, footsteps were heard approaching stealthily at the front, and the figure of a m a n was shortly after m a d e out. Onward it m o v e d until challenged by Willmett, when the laconic response, " I a m Jack Robinson," was returned. Willmett, pistol in hand, m a d e a rush ; thefigureran away, closely pursued, and at a distance of about seventy yards was pulled up and collared by Willmett, w h o sang out lustily for Quarry, but was silenced by a ball in the arm, which soon caused him to look to himself. T h e unknown then escaped, and when Quarry arrived all he found was Willmett bleeding on the ground. His w o u n d was so dangerous that his life was considered to be in peril unless the arm was amputated, to which he would not consent, and after a few weeks he recovered. A n outrage so daring occasioned m u c h excitement, yet, singular to say, there was no evidence circumstantial or MMM 2 direct to point to the real offender. Willmett protested he could identify the would-be assassin if found, and half-a-dozen fast young m e n were arrested and brought before the Police Court, bnt there was not a scintilla of proof forthcoming. T w o of them were clerks at the Treasury, and another a settler residing near the Heads. Quarry offered a reward, but no information could be procured. Accident, however, soon effected more than rewards or police could do, for Quarry intercepted a letter addressed to his wife which disclosed the name of her seducer. H e was a Mr. Edward Hodgson, and Quarry immediately sent him a challenge through Mr. F. Hinton, a brother Solicitor; but before a meeting could be arranged, Hodgson was arrested and bound over to keep the peace. During the duello negotiations there was a minor squabble between the seconds and Hodgson's friend—a Mr. A. M . Campbell—(an ex-clerk in the Insolvent Court) was ordered to enter into peace recognizances for threatening to pull the nose of the other friend, Hinton. O n the 5th November, Hodgson and his servant- one G o w — w e r e charged at the Police Court with being the perpetrators of the outrage upon Willmett. M r . Stawell appeared for the prosecution, and Mr. M o o r for the defence. But the prisoners could not be identified, and the case was dismissed. T h e general belief was that on the night of the nearly fatal occurrence, G o w had been sent by Hodgson to deliver a letter to Mrs. Quarry, arranging an elopement, and that sooner than be captured hefireda pistol at Willmett. A n action for crim. con. was next instituted against Hodgson, w h o was arrested and lodged in gaol. O n an application to the Supreme Court, the proceedings were quashed on a technicality, and he was enlarged. H e m a d e prompt use of his liberty, for he gave them leg-bail, and never re-appeared in the district. There is a sadfinaleto be told of the Willmetts and Quarry. After the lapse of some time, AVillmett, with his wife, and Quarry, with his child, sailed from Melbourne in a vessel bound for Singapore and though weeks and months flew by, nothing was ever heard of them until a few years ago, when a sailor, w h o had been for ten years sojourning with a tribe of Queensland blacks, effected his escape and fell in with a party of white settlers. From him it was ascertained that he had belonged to the same ship in which the Willmetts and the Quarrys were passengers; that she was wrecked on a coral reef; and the captain and his wife, with the others, were several days knocking about on a raft; some were drowned at sea, and others thrown on the Queensland coast, but the sailor was the only person who was saved. Mrs. Quarry remained in the colony, and some years ago w7as the landlady (under an assumed name) of a hotel in Brunswick Street, Fitzroy. About the same time (and the only time in the colony) an offended husband offered a reward for the discoverer of a literary desecration of a tombstone. O n e day there appeared in the cemetery a freshly chiselled monument thus inscribed :—" Sacred to the memory of Eliza, wife of George , departed this life 19th October, 1844. 'A faithful wife and a tender mother.'" George was not very long before he helped himself to a new " rib;" and when he, with his second better half, visited the grave of the dear departed, their moral sense was shocked by seeing as an addendum to the epitaphic scroll the words, " A n d George soon married another." Such rhyming levity drove the husband into a rage, which led to the offer of a reward, and ended in afitof delirium tremens. In 1844 Dr. Palmer resided at Richmond, and was the owner of a public-house rented to one Hayes. O n Sunday, 27th October, Palmer, being indisposed, stayed from church, and his tenant called in a state of uneasiness to say that he required to see him. A servant delivered the message, and on Palmer appearing, Hayes said his grog had run out, and he had not a drop in the bar; he therefore wished the other to sell him two gallons of brandy. Palmer complied, and Hayes said he would take half-a-dozen bottles with him, and paid 20s. as the price. Next morning Palmer entered in his books the sale of two gallons to Hayes. Nothing further was heard of the Sunday traffic for over three months, when the Doctor was rather astonished at receiving a s u m m o n s to attend the Police Court, upon a charge of selling a less quantity than two gallons of spirituous liquors, the case was heard before Major St. John, Messrs. R. W . Pohlman and James Smith, J.Ps., on the rst February, 1845, and dismissed on the ground that the information had not been laid within three months of the commission of the alleged offence. It was evident that Hayes had a " d o w n " upon his landlord for pressing him for payment of arrears of rent, and had given a garbled version of the transaction to Chief-Constable Brodie, a factotum of Major St. John : and that St. John and Brodie had a grudge against Palmer. Though Dr. Palmer was never a popular favourite, public opinion sided with him on this occasion. In 1842 three white m e n were executed for bushranging. They had committed a series of outrages north and south of the Yarra, and in the dark catalogue was the robbery of the homestead of Major N e w m a n over the river, their spoil consisting of ,£30, a powder horn, two watches, and some military ornaments. Though N e w m a n offered a reward for the recovery of the property, it had no effect. Connected with the culprits was what is termed a "fence," or thieves' receiver named Cam, sentenced to transportation, and the hut occupied as a residence by C a m passed into the possession of one A d a m s . In April, 1846, this person, whilst digging near the hut, turned up some object wrapped in flannel, and on examination it was found to be an old tin can or "billy," and from it was extracted the missing property, evidently so secreted by C a m . T h e treasure trove was advertised by itsfinder,and identified by, and restored to N e w m a n . O n Sunday, 19th M a y , 1842, Sergeant Corrte, recently retired from the police, was buried amidst a tempestuous deluge of rain. A s a m e m b e r of the Father Matthew Society, members of the Temperance Band played and marched in procession to the grave, but on this occasion they had a stiffer dose of cold water than their teetotal pledge ever contemplated. In 1844, M r . John Barker (now Clerk of Parliaments) was the proprietor of a station at Cape Schanck, and is so still. According to a newspaper of the period, on the 8th March a fire broke out and speedily rendered the residents for the time homeless. S o m e woodwork in the kitchen igniting, the flames rapidly spread, and the dwelling and an adjacent store were destroyed. Though the furniture and stores were with difficulty saved, the loss sustained was estimated at several hundreds of pounds. During the conflagration, which was short, sharp, and decisive, a somewhat amusing incident occurred. There was amongst the movables a cask of brandy, which the proprietor was very unwilling to have sacrificed as a burnt offering to the Fire god, so, seizing a blanket, which he wrapped about the cask, he dashed with it through the flames and landed it in a place of safety. On the 7th April, 1845, Mr. Frank Liardet, an indefatigable mail-contractor, was conveying an important ship mail in his two-horse post-cart from Sandridge to Melbourne, when the steeds turning refractory, the driver jumped off; but in doing so his leg got into collision with a wheel and was broken above the ankle. H e had not let go the reins, and with difficulty scrambling back to his seat, he succeeded in reaching town and delivering his charge. H e called at the shop of O'Connor, an Elizabeth Street druggist, where the maimed limb was set by Dr. Sanford, w h o advised him to lay up in town and send the cart h o m e by another person. This Liardet declined to do, and would insist upon driving back, alleging as a good reason for so doing, " that if anyone else drove there would be necks instead of legs broken." Beyond suffering m u c h on the return trip, there was neither inconvenience nor mishap. There was great commotion in March 1844, when the newspapers announced a veritable case of Asiatic cholera, and that a Sergeant M'Culla, of the 99th Regiment, had died of it after an illness of a couple of hours. After death his body turned quite blue. S o m e other cases presenting the usual symptoms were reported, but his was the only fatal one. T h e Sergeant's corpus obtained a soldier's funeral, and an obituary farewell from a firing party of twenty of his late comrades. The second instance of a triplet of births (two girls and a boy) occurred at Heidelberg, at the end of March, 1845, the prolific matron being a Mrs. Barney O'Leary. O n the 1st April (Fool's Day) the youngsters were brought into Melbourne to be "cleansed of original sin" at the R o m a n Catholic Church of St. Francis. They were escorted by the proud parents, and m a d e comfortable in an old dog-cart. After the baptismal ceremony was satisfactorily got through, an adjournment was m a d e to the Rising Sun Hotel, in Little Bourke Street, where the health of the trio was so repeatedly encored, that when the coachman of the vehicle took his seat to drive the party h o m e he was in a very "tight" condition. At the intersection of Swanston Street there was a pool of water, and into this the whole concern, trap, passengers, and cargo, capsized. T h e mother clung tenaciously to one of the little strangers, and two of them were shot into the m u c k ; but they were with difficultyfishedout. Mr. William Bayes embarked in the venture of running a two-horse carriage between Melbourne and Mount Macedon, for doing which he obtained a license from the Mayor. In looking through some musty legal records, 1 have exhumed the following trifle, a small historical curio in itself:—"New Insolvent, 18th March, 1845. John Pascoe Fawkner, Melbourne. Liabilities, ,£8898 os. iod.; assets, valuation of landed property mortgaged to various persons (except property valued at ,£35), ,£2352 is.; personal property, stock-in-trade, etc., ,£15 14s.; outstanding debts, bills, bonds, etc., / 8 1 5 18s. id.; (independent of bad debts ,£9114 8s. s±), balance deficiency, ,£5714 7s. 9d." T h e peculiarity of this schedule leaves little doubt of its being the fingerwork of Fawkner himself. Hisfinancialdifficulty was brought about by his enrolment as one of the "Twelve Apostles," a monetary manoeuvre detailed in another chapter.* Fawkner always said he had been victimised on this occasion, and often regretted his " Apostolic" good nature; but through the agency of a post nuptial settlement, he was able to weather the storm. What a jealous woman may be impelled to do was fearfully exemplified at Brighton, on the 1st May, when Mrs. Cameron, the wife of a blacksmith, resident there, with a fine baby in her arms, walked into the sea, and kept moving until both mother and child were submerged. T h e bodies were washed ashore next day. On the 5th June, William Dana was fined ,£5 for thrashing Gideon Manton. Both belonged to the "swell" portion of creation, and Dana, hearing that the other had been talking too freely about him, knocked one evening at the residence of a Mrs. Musgrove, at Collingwood, where Manton was staying, and demanded an explanation. This was not given, and a horsewhip leathering was administered to the reputed maligner, w h o found refuge in a neighbouring house. As early as 1843, several Melbournians subscribed to the Society for the Promotion of Fine Arts in Scotland, but it was not until June, 1845, that the first engraving arrived. subject was " T h e Glee Maiden," and it was said to be exquisitely executed.

The

" Coining" was one of the last of the major class of felonies introduced to Port Phillip in 1845, when a small counterfeit mint was started in Little Bourke Street West, but the charge of coining could not be established; but as three bad shillings were found in possession of one John Richards, he was sentenced to twelve months' imprisonment. In October, 1845, there were 2288 inhabitable houses in Melbourne, and not more than a dozen empty. T h e town population was estimated at about 11,000. One day in November, 1845, a Mrs. Elliott, wife of a publican who kept the Mechanics' Arms, in Little Collins Street, whilst in a state of insanity, rushed from her h o m e with an infant in her arms. N o trace of her could be discovered until three weeks after, when mother and child were found drowned in a waterhole in Richmond Paddock. In the same month of the following year, Mr. William Lang, father of Mrs. Elliot, committed suicide, induced by such an awful family bereavement.

• Chapter LIL.page 708. Capital punishment for forgery was abolished in the colony in 1845, by Imperial enactment.

In 1845 a clever swindler named Thomas Newman, furbished up some skins of parchment, so that they might fairly resemble old title deeds, and gave out that he had just succeeded to an estate of many Through the thousands through the death of an uncle, a wealthy livery stable keeper in London. fatuity that sometimes prevails in places where it ought not, the rogue had only to ask credit and cash and he got it. It was said that he let in Messrs. Cowie and Stead, of Geelong, rather extensively. H e held on for some time, but he disappeared, and never turned up afterwards. A well-informed correspondent writing from Geelong, has favoured me with the following :— " T h e first choir at St. Francis', Melbourne, consisted of Dr. C. J. Sandford, with Mr. J. P. Smiths Solicitor; M r . William Clarke, a music seller and music teacher, w h o kept a shop in Collins Street East; and a fourth (F. L. Clay, another Attorney ?) whose n a m e has passed from m y recollection. They were all "jolly good fellows," but better adapted to " trolling a catch " than chanting High Mass. Vespers were not sung in those remote days. Three or four young fellows—Tom Kennedy, Michael Lyons, Davy Hurley, John Cosgrave (late City Treasurer), John Mansfield, and James Reilly, determined to form a class. O n e of the party was so eager in the matter that he sold his watch to pay his share of the expenses. Their first attempt in the church was on the occasion of Archbishop Pohlding'sfirstvisit to Melbourne, when they were complimented by the Rev. Father M'Evey, on having m a d e " a precious mess of it." They persevered, however, and with the assistance of a few ladies, got on very well. After a little while " Micky M a c " picked up an old harmonium in some sale-room, and m a d e it a present to the choir. A Miss L y o n s — n o w Mrs. Dutfoy (of Rokewood), sister to the late Mrs. Quirk, and a daughter of Peter Whelan (who once kept the Daniel O'Connell in Bourke Street, near the Post Office), with a few other ladies, joined. J. Cosgrave, as well as singing, learned the harmonium from Mr. Clarke ; besides which, he had M'Donald on the cornopean, and P. Phelan, clarionet. In January, 1846, George Wise, landlord of the Richmond Hotel, Richmond, put on a cab to run daily to and from Melbourne, and give free transit to any persons wishing for a rural trip, on condition of their looking in for refreshments at his place. Two noteworthy incidents happened in February, i.e., the death from inflammation of Necromancer, an imported thoroughbred stallion, belonging to Mr. T. H . Pyke, and worth 700 guineas. A s being the best blooded horse in the province, the event caused m u c h lamentation on the turf. Mr. Peter Hurlestone settled near Brighton, where he established a mill. The engine originally belonged to the " Firefly," the first Yarra steamer. W h e n it failed here the owner worked it up into what was termed a threshing machine, which he set up near Elsternwick. Corn was threshed for 4d. per bushel. The summer of the year 1846 was hot and droughty, and during February and March extensive bush fires raged. T h e Plenty country was laid waste, and several residents of the Plenty and M o o n e e Ponds were burnt to the verge of ruin. During the summer and autumn seasons small-pox committed much ravage amongst the Aborigines, and was very destructive to the children of the tribes located on the Murray River and its tributaries. In March much excitement was created through the discovery by Dr. Jamieson of a quantity of salt of a fine quality in a fissure of a rock jutting into the Bay near Brighton. It was to be a grand n e w industry, but the whole thing soon evaporated. A M r . Willoughby was one day in April out with a five-year-old son, near "Arthur's Seat." S o m e Aborigines lurking about kidnapped the boy. After several days' search the dead body of the child was found at a blacks' camping-place, but it showed no marks of violence. T h e Aborigines confessed to the kidnapping with the view of exacting a reward for the restoration, and that the cause of death was the child's inability to eat the food given to it. T h e first line of railway proposed in the colony was from Geelong to the River Glenelg, on the South Australian border. T h e Geelongites were the originators of this mad-cap undertaking, but it went no further than a grand preliminary "blowing," which came off at a public meeting held at Mack's Hotel, on the 13th July, 1846. A n estimate of the annual traffic anticipated was submitted to the gathering, viz. :— £ s. d. 7062 bales of wool, 2000 3000 3000 1000 1000

2,647 17 0

at 7s. 6d. tons stores, at 80s. passengers going and coming the whole line, at 40s. do. do. intermediate places, at 20s. tons salt, at 20s. tons agricultural produce, at 20s. Total1

8,000

0

0

12,000

0

0

6,000

0

0

1,000

0

0

1,000

0

0

,£30,647 17 0

A Mr. Alfred Diaper, aged 30, committed suicide on 25th August, on board the schooner " Diana," from Williamstown to Western Port. H e was addicted to intemperance, and had he remained alive untill the arrival of the next mail from England, would have inherited a large fortune through the death of his father, a wealthy grocer at Portsmouth. Deceased left h o m e in 1839, with an appointment as Private Secretary to Colonel Campbell, then Governor of Sierra Leone, where he remained for some years, and thence went to Hobart T o w n . O n 17th September, 1846, three ladies residing near each other in the Eastern quarter of Melbourne, presented their husbands with twin pledges of affection. T h e triple event occurred not only on the same day, but at the same hour, 9 a.m., and its announcement was regarded as a most auspicious o m e n of the future "Vital" prosperity of the metropolis. During the same year it is remarked that the Jewish births were just one-twelfth of the whole of the British population of the colony. The first premises for which a publican's license was granted in Newtown (now Fitzroy) was a straggling weatherboard structure of four or five rooms. It was called The Travellers' Rest, and occupied the ground whereon n o w stands King's College in Nicholson Street. In 1846 it was kept by a Mr. Beveridge, and about 9 p.m. on Sunday, 13th September, the place was "stuck u p " by three armed m e n w h o escaped. In 1846 a project was started in Liverpool for forming a C o m p a n y to construct a railway from the new bridge in course of erection at Melbourne to Sandridge; and M r . D. Lennox, the then Superintendent of Bridges here, was reported to have m a d e a survey of the best route, but the affair collapsed. A narrow escape is recorded in a Melbourne newspaper on 27th August, 1 8 4 6 : — " M r . Stawell, the Barrister, has had several narrow escapes by flood and field, and w e n o w chronicle another, which was within an ace of terminating with the loss of his life. In attempting to swim his horse over the Saltwater River, he was carried down, horse and all by the current, and was within a few yards of being entangled in a tree, when he jumped off the animal, and with great difficulty reached the shore in safety. Mr. Stawell is very m u c h respected in Melbourne, both by the public and his profession, and if anything happened to him it would be a public loss." T h e gentleman referred to was, afterwards, the much-esteemed Chief Justice of Victoria (Sir W . F. Stawell). The numerous and prospering residents of the now "Border City" of Albury will be amused by the following patronizing notice culled from a Melbourne newspaper of M a y , 1 8 4 7 : — " T h e little township of Albury is rising daily into importance. In the course of a short time, from its peculiar situation, it will become a place of no little enterprise. A certain Melbourne physician intends forthwith transferring his household gods there, where he is led to believe his prescriptions will be honoured and remunerated." T h e migrating doctor was a Mr. J. J. Keating, a surgeon, w h o kept a so-called Medical Hall some time in Elizabeth Street. Things went better with him in Albury than in Melbourne, where he lived, cured, and did well for many years. Small remnants of the Aboriginal tribes of the Yarra, Western Port, and the Goulburn hung about Melbourne, a mendicant drunken nuisance. M e n , women, and children cadged for cash, grog, tobacco, refuse food, old clothes, etc., and m u c h to the public satisfaction, on the 30th September, 1847, some impulse moved them to migrate to the country. T h e more effectually to shake off all clingings of civilization they discarded all the tattered European raiment worn, m a d e heaps of and burned it, and then collecting a few invalid adults and weakly children, they placed them in some "mia-mias" over the river near Heidelberg, and cleared out. M r . Thomas, an Assistant Protector of Aborigines, provided for the wants of the poor creatures deserted, w h o fared m u c h better than those w h o had abandoned them. O n the 16th February, 1847, a young butcher, named Edward O'Donnell, was summoned by an attractive damsel, Miss Rose Reilly, for the maintenance of twins; and to support her plaint exhibited as evidence the two living affidavits. T h e knight of the cleaver consented to pay the weekly s u m of 5s. each for the care of his lambs. SMUGGLING EX-CONVICTS IN BOXES.

The receivers of stolen watches and other valuables obtained from the Melbourne thieves used to export their ill-gotten wares to Launceston, and as if by a reciprocity treaty, Melbourne used to be favoured with the occasional import of a " contraband lady " quietly smuggled across Bass's Straits, stowed away like brew in a beer cask, with the bung-hole open. S o m e of the most pronounced Cyprians of the period were known to have passed through the Port Phillip " R i p " in this way; and the reason was that they were transported female convicts from England, w h o were let out to assigned service in V a n Diemen's Land. T h e fair one, casked, cased, and provisioned, was berthed under the special surveillance of the steward, and generally released in the Bay. In March, 1847, a shocking tragedy arose out of this practice. There was in Launceston a Mrs. Nancy Robertson, the reputed wife of a flying pieman, known as "Jemmy." T h e m a n was an expired convict, the woman's sentence had not expired, and " J e m m y " believed that if his " N a n c y " could be got over to Port Phillip, their joint fortune would be made, and pies "all hot" need not be "flied" or cried any more. Nancy was willing to come, but objected to be coffined alive, if only for two or three days, and the difficulty was h o w to get her on board the steamer "Shamrock." A case was nicely padded and prepared for her reception, and " J e m m y " was at his wits' end to know what to do. H e tried a little coaxing, in which he was potently aided by some over-proof rum, and "Nancy" was what might be politely termed " moribundly intoxicated," and in this state was boxed up and placed below in the hold. " J e m m y " was an ordinary passenger, but during the trip, his frequent flirtings up and down the hatchway aroused the suspicions of Captain Gilmore, w h o closely watched him ; and before the day was over a very offensive odour was perceptible below. T h e pieman was at last seen to approach a case, and placing his lips to an interstice, say in a whisper, "Nancy, it's all right n o w ; you can come out." But there was no response, and no " N a n c y " came out. T h e Captain had the case immediately opened, when a horrible spectacle was presented. There was the once good-looking face of the gay Mrs. Robertson twisted into a frightful state of distortion. She was dead, with a bottle of gin placed near her head; and as the corpse was in a state of incipient decomposition it was brought up and thrown overboard. T h e matter was reported on the steamer's arrival to the water police at Williamstown, and though the " flying pieman" was apprehended, nothing further came of the shocking event. T h e following appeared in the New Zealand Public Opinion of the 24th October, 1885 :— " A writer of the C H R O N I C L E S O F E A R L Y M E L B O U R N E gave an account in one of his chapters of the way in which females were smuggled from Tasmania during the early days of this colony. T h e rule seems to have been very strict, and captains of vessels were afraid to take females of the penal class. ' Garryowen' asserted that m a n y were brought over in boxes specially provided for the purpose, and an account was given of the shocking death of one w h o had been unwillingly compelled by her husband to undertake the passage in one of the boxes. T o many this would appear like romancing. However, from Adelaide comes an account by wire of a stowaway having been confined seven days in a box 3ft. 6in. by 2ft. iin. O n the arrival of the 'South Australian ' from Western Australia, a box addressed ' Mr. Walter Bills, passenger,' was found to contain a m a n w h o gave the n a m e of Alderson, although papers upon him led it to be supposed that his n a m e was William Burnside. H e had been stowed in the hold of the-steamer, and was in a fearfully emaciated condition when released, having been without water the whole voyage. Last accounts were that he was recovering with careful treatment." The following incident is narrated of a Melbourne Pioneer, for many years removed from all worldly strife:—"On the Queen's Birthday, 1847, Mr. George Say, landlord of the St. George and Dragon Hotel in Lonsdale Street, was so overpowered by his loyalty that he resolved to let off steam by the roasting of a bullock in honour of the Queen, in front of his house, n o w forming the southern portion of the Melbourne Hospital grounds, where he constructed a queer kind of furnace, over which the carcase was suspended. T h e " Boniface" pocket had, however, more ' Say' in the demonstration than intense allegiance; for it was a clever ruse to secure a day's large till-takings. A brass band of three or four instrumentalists was perched on empty beer casks near the bar door, whence the most 'stunning' of music was performed. T h e 'rule of the roast' for the distribution of the bullock was that anyone could bring his or her o w n knife, and slice off any particular portion fancied. T h e beef, however, did not turn out very enjoyable eating. That night the two Georges (and the Dragon, no doubt) closed their eyes amidst a haze of self-congratulation at the profitable way in which the loyalty dodge had been worked." In September there was turned out of Langland's foundry, in Flinders Street West, a machine capable of making 40 bricks per minute, 2,400 per hour, or a daily average of 30,000. In September another triple birth occurred, but this time at Portland, where a Mrs. Quinn became the mother of two boys and a girl. Little more than nine months before she had twins, and a year previous a son, i.e., not quite three years married and producing at the rate of two babies per annum ! ! ! T h e unusual take of a fine turtle was effected at the beach near Williamstown, on ioth October, by two boatmen, who, ignorant of what it was, killed it, and brought it to town, when it was found to weigh about 300 lbs. It was sold to Peter Perkins, an oyster-selling celebrity, at the rear of the present Theatre Royal. Several of the hotel-keepers refused to have anything to do with it. This was thefirstknown instance of a turtle visit to Port Phillip Bay. In November, 1847, a Melbourne newspaper chronicled as something like an indication of a wonderful postal progression, that an answer to a letter posted in town, for London, had been received in seven months and four days from the date of the original mailing. In December, 1847, Melbourne was honoured by a visit from Mr. E. Deas Thomson, Colonial Secretary for N e w South Wales. It was a private trip, and no public recognition was attempted. It was as well, as he was no favourite. During the night of 14th December, 1847, there was a terrific thunderstorm, and Jacob Wyer They were fishing in the Bay, and W'yer's hair, and John Chaplin were killed by lightning. eyebrows, and clothes were m u c h singed. Wyer was Chaplin's father-in-law. T h e summer of 1847-8 was very dry, and the country so bereft of feed and water that a considerable number of sheep and cattle died. T h e first Anglican Bishop (Dr. Perry), after his arrival in January, had prayers for rain offered. In March an event, never previously known, happened in the River Plenty completely drying up. In March, 1848, Mr. Henry Baker, of the Lmperial Lnn, Collins Street, erected a public-house at Heidelberg, known as the Old England Hotel. This Baker was a podgy, pushing little m a n , great in getting up substantial shilling dinners; and thoroughly believed in advertising. H e remained for several years a "Boniface" there, when he was obliged to succumb to that inevitable which no one, "publican or sinner," can evade. On the 1st April, that remarkable anniversary made two distinguished Melbournians simultaneously play a bit of the fool. Judge A'Beckett and Bishop Perry resolved to have an outing. They did not travel together, but each took a different route, drove a gig, and had a lady passenger. Both traps capsized, both ladies were unhurt, the Judge had his cheek cut at Flemington, and the Bishop was well shaken on the St. Kilda Road. There is quite a little history to be raked up about that n o w well-established hostelry, the Royal Mail Hotel, corner of Bourke and Swanston Streets, if one only knew where to look it out and find it. Atfirstit was an uncouth-looking, large, rough edifice, built by a road contractor who had made a good deal of money out of broken stones. This man, however, went insolvent in 1848, and the property was brought under the h a m m e r by the Official Assignee, and knocked down for ,£770 to a M r . E. B. Green, a well-known and well-liked mail contractor. Green had it improved intending to convert it into an hotel to be named in a way that would perpetuate the manner in which he m a d e the money with which the property was purchased. Thus it was called the Royal Mail. Its first landlord was M r . Sugden, once a well-known Chief-Constable. In 1880 the place was sold for ^60,000, though the corner half-acre was originally bought at Government land sale by a Mr. William B o w m a n for ,£136 16s. Subsequently I was supplied with the following:—"The original price paid for the Royal Mail Hotel was ,£1750, not £,110. E. B. G did not make his money solely by mail contracting. H e was at that time owner of four cattle and sheep stations—Keilawarra, eight miles below Wangaratta, on the Ovens River; one at Greta, or Fifteen Mile Creek, midway between Benalla and Wangaratta; one on the Broken River; the other on the Wakool Creek, fifty miles below the Sandhills, n o w called Deniliquin. T h e hotel and five shops adjoining the theatre, where the late Richard Punch's timber-yard formerly stood, E. B. G. left to his family, consisting of myself and two brothers. T h e property has never been sold, nor likely to be.—I am, etc.,

"E. B. GREEN, "Casham House, St. Kilda Street, Brighton North. "16th September. 1885." A very aggravated assault was committed at Brighton, 24th June, 1848, by Dr. Adams operating upon Mr. E. L. Lee, the Private Secretary of Mr. Latrobe. T h e parties met near Lee's residence, and a row was got up about a pony on sale by a Mr. Manby, and which the other two wished to secure. A d a m s seized Lee by the throat, and half-throttling him with one hand, horse-whipped him with the other. Mutual friends endeavoured to effect an amicable arrangement, and some days after Lee received a note from his assailant, enclosing a ,£25 cheque as a solatium, with a request to apply the amount to charitable purposes, but it was indignantly returned. Dr. Wilmot and Mr. J. B. Were endeavoured to settle the quarrel, but the case was carried into the Police Court, and the presiding Justices (Mr. James Smith, Dr. Fletcher, and Captain Dana) inflicted a fine of is., and ^£4 15s. costs. Amongst certain legalized nuisances of early Melbourne were the night auctions, held mostly amongst a very questionable class of individuals, w h o were, nevertheless, entrusted with auctioneers' licenses. Their rooms were the resort of the rogues and vagabonds, w h o utilized such dens as a means of getting rid of the stolen property of the period ; for this was before the advent of pawnbroking establishments. T h e law was at length compelled to step in and put down the night sales. T h e next auction nuisance was the perpetual clattering of auctioneers' bells in the streets by day; and so intolerable did this become that the T o w n Council passed a by-law suppressing the ringing of bells and sounding of instruments. S o m e of the H a m m e r Knights started bugles, which were given up on an intimation that they broke the law as flagrantly as the bellman. M r . Peter Davis set up a gong, and declared that neither he nor it should be put down, and when cautioned, maintained that the Corporation had acted ultra vires in what had been done. O n the 25th July, 1848, he was s u m m o n e d for a breach of the by-law, and the Police Court fined him 10s., with 5s. costs, which, after some demur, he paid, and sent his beloved gong to Jericho. Eight years after, this same Peter was Mayor of Melbourne, and there never was a m a n in the Commission of the Peace w h o strained points farther to secure convictions for breaches of the law. In August, 1848, the wife of a cooper, residing at the corner of Flinders and Williams Streets, rushed from the house in her night-dress, and mounting the steps of the wharfv plunged into the River Yarra, under the stern of the "Circassian." O n e of the ship's crew slipped down a rope into the water, brought the w o m a n to the surface, and landed her safe on shore. Immediately on the w o m a n casting herself into the river, afineNewfoundland dog, belonging to Mr. T. B. Sibbering, of the Market Square Hotel, plunged in and swam towards her, but the ready act of the sailor anticipated him. It appears that the would-be " suicide" had been driven to desperation by the ill-treatment of her husband, a m a n of intemperate habits. T h e Punt Lnn, a small hostelry at the off side of the Salt-water River, where a punt then plied, was destroyed by fire on the night of the 13th January, 1848. T h e place was of weatherboard, and house, furniture, and stock were carried off with great rapidity, the inmates having as m u c h as they could do to bolt out of bed into the bush, and so save their lives. T h e proprietor, 'Mr. Henry Kellett, never had such a close shave, for though the run was only a few yards, it. was absolutely a race for life. A very deserving and industrious young man, his loss exceeded ,£400. A s u m of ,£30 and 23s. in silver was in the bar till. T h e notes were turned into tinder, and the coinage was returned to the condition of ore. S o m e fine r u m went up in the blaze, and there was not a penny of insurance effected. T h e casualty was caused by the obliviousness of a drunken servant omitting to extinguish a candle. In the course of the same day a conflagration occurred in Richmond Paddock (now Yarra Park), when some twenty acres of the place were laid waste. At one time it was feared that the fire would gallop off to Richmond, and at another that the residence of the Superintendent (Latrobe) at Jolimont would come to grief. Neither contingency, fortunately, happened. A terrible wholesale drowning occurred in Geelong harbour on Sunday, 2nd December, 1849, Captain Kircus, of the "Victor," a nephew of Captain Davidson, of the "Posthumous" (two vessels riding off Point Henry), and two ship's apprentices, proceeded by boat to Geelong, to attend Divine service there. This they did, and were returning in the afternoon to go on board the "Victor' when the boat was capsized in a squall, and all hands perished. O n 27th December Dr. Greeves (not the Melbourne medico, but a ship's surgeon) was walking along the beach at Lime-burner's Point, near Geelong, armed with a gun, and out snipe-shooting. Noticing something like, as he fancied, a h u m a n body floating on the water, he hailed a boat, and pushing towards it perceived the tail extremity of an immense stingaree. O n moving the " whole animal" was seen, and in dimensions it seemed about eight feet long, and nearly as broad. T h e Doctor's piece was charged with small shot, and firing into the fish it wheeled round, rushed the boat, and struck at it with m u c h violence. It then s w a m in a circle round the craft, " thrashing O n rising again a boathook was thrust the gunwale with its tail," but a second shot sent it under. into it, and they tried to haul it on board, when the stingaree struggled so furiously as to wrench itself off the grappler, and lost no time in turning tail and getting away. In 1849, M r . W h y t e was the leader of a survey party employed in marking the boundary line between Port Phillip and South Australia. O n e day, provided with some provisions and two horses, he started alone on a short exploring trip, and lost himself in the Mallee Scrub. H e wandered about for several days, and was reduced to m u c h privation through want of food and water. O n e of the horses died from exhaustion, and by devouring some of the flesh the castaway was enabled to tide over a couple of days, when he was so pressed by thirst that nothing remained but to cut the throat of the other animal and drink the blood. At length he was found by some of his m e n on the hunt for him, lying in a condition of extreme debility, on the bank of the Murray. H e was sent to Adelaide, where after a time he was restored to his normal state of health. During the Christmas holidays of 1849-50, there was displayed in the shop windows of Mr. John Yewers, confectioner, Elizabeth Street, the most wonderful Twelfth Cake ever fabricated in the province. It weighed 2oolbs., was 4 feet high, and had 16 feet 8 inches of a circumference. It was highly ornamented, the centre piece representing Albert, the Prince Consort, as Field Marshal. As no single customer would venture to invest in it, a half-crown raffle was resorted to, and thus the enterprising Yewers succeeded in getting it off his hands. A Mrs. Stammers kept what might be termed an infant school in Melbourne, and if not altogether forgetful of her o w n name, she ought to be prepared to m a k e some allowance for any "stammering" propensities manifested by the mites of children committed to her tender care. She appears, however, to have shown no mercy on this account. She had amongst her pupils a four-year old creature n a m e d Hartnett, whose little tongue could never manage to surround the letter X. In fact the c o m p o u n d consonantal sound was too m u c h for her, and the joint operation of pressing the thick part of the tongue against the roof of the mouth, and the end against the portion above the teeth, was so complex that the urchin could not master it. T h e soft-hearted preceptress fancied that an unmerciful caning would very soon overcome the difficulty, and the child was belaboured accordingly. T h e youngster's parents held totally different views as to the efficacy of corporal punishment, and s u m m o n e d the school mistress for her cruelty. Mrs. Stammers accordingly put in an appearance at the Melbourne Police Court on the 22nd September, when the defendant's "stammering" apology did not avail, and she was fined 40s., or in default one month's imprisonment. She paid the fine, and left the court amidst an unmistakable " X "-pression of sibilant disapprobation from the crowd in attendance. In 1849 supposed symptoms of Asiatic cholera appeared. Thirty-five cases were said to have occurred, though it was all a groundless scare, for a physician in extensive practice pronounced it to be only " plum-pudding cholera." A Thieves' Association was organized in January, 1849, for the "protection of the marauding fraternity," its chief purpose being, by the skilful use of that instrument of legal ingenuity, known as a habeas to procure the release from prison of thieves irregularly committed or improperly convicted. Funds were subscribed, a "Thieves' Solicitor" appointed, and several Police Office A thieves' census was taken by the summary convictions were quashed for technical shortcomings. police, which returned the number of professed plunderers at 100, i.e., 70 males and 30 females, exclusive of 50 outsiders, or sub rosa aiders and abettors. T h e Association was at times both conciliatory and considerate, for a Mrs. Pitman having been robbed of a well-lined pocketbook, advertised for its return, even empty, as it was a family souvenir, and in a week after she was the recipient of a parcel through the Post Office, consisting of the denuded relic, and a polite letter bearing the initials of the " Honorary Secretary of the Thieves' Association." A public acknowledgment of the receipt of the parcel was asked for and given. On the 30th January, 1849, Mr- William Pender occupied a station on the Bass River, Western Port. James Gleeson's wife, Mary, acted as general servant. O n e day as she was passing barefoot from the homestead to the dairy, she trod on a diamond snake about seven feet long, and was bitten on the heel. T h e reptile sought refuge in the hut, where there were three young children running about. T h e w o m a n , apprehensive for the safety of the youngsters, half frantically followed, and seizing the coulter of a plough, she promptly despatched the snake. T h e poison in a short time began to work, and a handy m a n of a shepherd exsiccated some of the flesh in the heel, and applied an embrocation of tobacco leaf, but Mrs. Gleeson died after intense suffering about 8 o'clock next morning, in her 33rd year. In February, 1849, a shocking case of inter se cannibalism was reported from Main Creek, Mollison's station, at M o u n t Macedon. S o m e blackfellows of the Sugar Loaf and Devil's River tribes captured an unfortunate Campaspe Aboriginal, employed on the station of a M r . Bennett. H e was killed, skinned, and disjointed, some choice portions were roasted and devoured, and the rest of the remains buried in a water-hole, where they were found. George Hudson, a Yorkshireman, and widower with five children, arrived in Port Phillip in a ship which also brought out two brothers and four sisters n a m e d Ellis, of one of w h o m (Mary) H u d s o n during the voyage became enamoured, but the affection was not reciprocated. A brickmaker by calling, he established himself on a brick-field, then between the Yarra and Emerald Hill, and the Misses Ellis being dressmakers rented one of what were k n o w n as Drummond's Cottages, near the Mechanics' Institute, in Collins Street. H u d s o n several times renewed his suit, without effect, and becoming discontented and moody, was at length driven to such desperation that about 4 o'clock on the afternoon of the 21st February, 1849, n e appeared m u c h excited at the girl's place, and asked to see Mary. H e was told to go away, when insisting on an interview she came to him, and in reply to a question if she were willing to marry him, as she had promised, the girl peremptorily ordered him off. At this he drew a butcher's knife from inside his coat, and stabbed her three times. Jane hastened to her sister's assistance and she was stabbed twice, near the region of the heart. Flinging the bloody knife away the maniac rushed from the house. On reaching the cottage then occupied by M r . (now the Hon.) James Graham, he pulled from a pocket the lower portion of a loaded percussion gun-barrel, capped the nipple, and getting a stone, after turning the muzzle towards his heart, struck the cap, when the piece went off and he received the charge, which laid him prostrate. H e explained at the hospital that what he had done was in consequence of the falsehood towards him of Mary Ellis. H e expired about seven o'clock. Both the girls were seriously injured, though they after a time recovered. In May, 1849, two enterprising colonists, known as Barbour and Lowe, erected a flour mill at Campbellfield, on the Sydney Road, which was a great convenience to the neighbourhood until after the gold discoveries. In the early part of June, Mr. Walter Glass Chiene, a settler near Belfast, blew his brains out H e had given way to intemperance, and the day with a pistol, leaving a wife and four children. prior to his death he had a narrow escape from drowning. This caused his wife to remonstrate with him, so next morning, after saying she should have no reason to speak to him so again, he passed into the farm-yard, and shot himself behind a haystack. H e was widely known, and deeply regretted. In olden times there flourished in the centre of our present Parliament Reserve, facing Bourke Street, an immense gum-tree—one of those forest monarchs whose birth dated back to a time of which there is no written or traditional evidence. T h e Melbournians taking their evening country stroll to inhale the pure air of the then Eastern Hill, were proud of this umbrageous remnant of ancient forestry, and m a n y a spicy colonial yarn was spun beneath its shadow. O n the evening of the 23rd June, 1849, some mischievous urchins were playing around its trunk, and one of them set it on fire. W h e n darkness came, the youngsters went away, and nothing particular of the tree was noticed until about midnight, when it blazed forth such a Baal fire as would gladden the hearts of the Antipodean Druids of yore. Towards morning it fell with a crash, and the next day a mixed m o b of m e n and w o m e n collected, and armed with axes and tomahawks, had a regular field-day of wood chopping. On the 24th of same month Henry Major, chief mate of the schooner " Sophia," berthed at Cole's Wharf, died from suffocation. T h e vessel was infested with rats, and fumigation being determined on as a means of abolishing the pest, a fire was lighted, and every aperture closed for the night. Next morning the captain went on board, and raising the main hatch, he saw Major lying on the floor, dead. A coroner's jury attributed death to the inhalation of sulphur. On the same day, a pig of the astonishing weight of 644 lbs. was slaughtered at Mr. Blastock's Grange fun, Belfast. One chilly evening in June, Mr. Wilson, a chemist in Collins Street, was enjoying the comfort of his parlourfire,when two immense snakes jumped out of some burning logs, and set up a wriggling dance too close to his legs to be agreeable. Jumping from his chair, and seizing a carving-knife, he bi-sected them with the effect only of rendering them more lively. H e repeated the chopping, yet the several parts shewed no signs of dying, until an application of prussic acid gave them a quietus. The death of the most aged man in Port Phillip at that time, occurred on the 8th July, in Latrobe Street, when William Devine, a very worthy old fellow, bade the world farewell, just after turning his ninety-fifth year. Some very clever pen-and-ink forgeries of ;£io-notes were uttered in September. They were supposed to be the handiwork of the " Penton-villians." T h e forgeries were executed on baked paper to give them crispness, and the plate portion though a clumsy imitation, when discoloured, the valueless considerations were liable to deceive. They purported to be Bank of Australasians, and the autograph of " D. C. M'Arthur," the manager, was as near perfection as a counterfeit could well be. Stories of the bunyip occasionally sprang up, to be believed by the credulous and laughed at In October, M r . John Edwards, managing clerk to M r . Henry Moor, Solicitor, by the majority. retailed the following questionable yarn, which he solemnly avouched to be a fact. H e was on board the " T h a m e s " steamer, endeavouring to intercept a defaulting runaway named Hovenden, supposed to have levanted in a Sydney-bound vessel. T h e " T h a m e s " put into Phillip Island, and whilst there (sic dixit Edwards) an object was seen one day squatted on a rock in a lake, and the spectators could not well m a k e out what it was. It appeared to be some seven feet in longitude, and looked half m a n and half baboon, with the long feathered neck of the e m u . Five gunshots were discharged at it with these effects : — A t N o . 1, it only shook its head, the second caused it to grin fiercely and show its teeth, with the third it backed towards the water; shot four was answered by a loud noise composed in equal parts of growl and shout; whilst the fifth and last was acknowledged by a jump in the air, a flinging out of the hind legs, and a disappearance into the lake. T h e narrator was positive it was the bunyip, but only that such monsters of the deep do not exhibit from the tops of rocks, I should be disposed to think "it was very like a whale." Edwards was given at times to the amusement vulgarly termed, " drawing the long bow," and this was, doubtless, a specimen of that sort of archery. Another infantile triplet made its appearance in Melbourne on the ioth November, 1849, an auspicious event which caused quite aflutterof excitement amongst the matronhood of the place. T h e prolific mother was the wife of F. B. Jones, the proprietor of a small cooperage in Elizabeth Street, northward of the Post Office. Dr. F. T. Ford was the accoucheur, and the n e w arrivals were all bouncing boys. T h e parents were not over well to do in the world, and a subscription was started. T h e youngsters were n a m e d Matthew, Mark, and Luke. T o obviate any mistake in their identity or a possibility of their getting mixed, it was determined to assign to them a distinguishing badge or colour, by tying a strip of ribbon around the neck of each. Matthew to sport red, M a r k blue, and Luke green. AVhen decorated in this style the little Joneses formed an interesting exhibition, a real baby show which used to be frequently visited and enjoyed by the ladies. T h e future of this trinity was not unremarkable. Matthew died early in his infancy, and some years ago (as I a m informed) Mark was a "cabby." and Luke a "bobby," pursuing their respective avocations on the streets of Melbourne. The first chemical works were opened in 1849, on the Yarra at Richmond, by R. Charles and Co., where some tolerably good starch was produced. On 23rd November, 1849, Mrs. Cummings, the wife of a private of a detachment of the 12th Regiment, noticed what appeared to be the point of a needle protruding from the arm of a child three months old, and on consulting Dr. Black, the needle was drawn, and was of a colour quite blue. It transpired that at an early stage of her pregnancy, Mrs. C u m m i n g s , in the course of her work had accidentally swallowed a needle of the kind then k n o w n as " a Whitechapel blunt," which was identical with the one taken from the child. A terrible wholesale drowning occurred in Geelong harbour on Sunday, 2nd December. Captain Kircus, of the "Victor," a nephew of Captain Davidson, of the " P o s t h u m o u s " (two vessels riding off Point Henry) ; and two ship's apprentices, proceeded by boat to Geelong, and as they were returning in the afternoon, the boat capsized in a squall, and all hands perished.

ALLEGED CONJUGAL INFIDELITY.

A case of unprecedented cruelty on the part of a husband was investigated at the Melbourne Police Court, 8th March, 1850. Charles Collins, aged sixty, was married to a girl of twenty, and they, with one child, resided in a cottage at Brighton. They had been married six years, and lived on the most affectionate terms till the husband questioned thefidelityof his wife. For this there was no tangible rhyme or reason; but Collins took measures to restrain her supposed illicit amorous propensities. H e caused to be forged a pair of iron rings, with a strong connecting chain, like bullock hobbles, each ring opening with a hinge, and fastened on the opposite side with a padlock, for the purpose of clasping above the knee. T o the main chain was attached a second one, to be fixed with a staple to a log of wood embedded in the earthern floor of the kitchen of his hut. Taking the wife he fettered her with this apparatus, and looped a piece of rope about her neck, so as to choke her unresistingly at a moment's notice. Here the poor creature was ironed for three weeks, though she was the mother of a child only a few months old, which she was compelled to attend to in her captivity. T h e shocking outrage at length coming to the knowledge of the police, Constable Draper unexpectedly visited the place, the w o m a n was at once liberated, and the husband arrested on a charge of cruelty. W h e n the parties were confronted in the Police Court, the w o m a n , w h o showed the faded remains of no inconsiderable personal attractions, was little more than a girl in appearance, though seemingly of impaired intellect, whilst the husband was ferocious in aspect, of slovenly habits, and to all intents and purposes a m a d m a n . Collins, in his defence, declared that Sarah was for some time all that a dutiful wife should be, and he kept her like a lady until one day he beheld some improper familiarities between her and a strange m a n , and this m a d e him change his course of treatment. H e was a strict Wesleyan, w h o prayed thrice each day, but his wife refused to join in prayer with him. H e was a m a n w h o was in frequent communication with G o d , stood on sanctified ground, and could preach as good a sermon as any parson. H e believed his wife to be thoroughly unfaithful to him, and he chained her up for no other purpose than to prevent her in his absence running off into the bush to keep improper appointments. Evidence was given of the irreproachable character borne by Mrs. Collins; and, notwithstanding all that she had gone through, the poor wife looked with a yearning woeful face at her husband, and was very unwilling that the prosecution should go further. T h e prisoner was committed for trial, but the Crown Prosecutor did not see his way tofilea bill, and Collins was released.

HUMAN FECUNDITY. On the 29th June, 1850, another triplet of young colonists made its appearance in Melbourne in the interesting form of two girls and a boy, but on this occasion the mother died shortly after parturition. She was a Mrs. L. Quinan, whose husband was connected with a horse repository in Bourke Street. M r . Quinan was away two hundred miles in the interior when the unusual increase and " sorrowful bereavement" occurred in his family. It is remarkable that a high average in triplicate births is shown in favour of the Port Phillip of the past as compared with other countries in the world, and especially modern Victoria. In the ten years (1841-1850, both included) the Port Phillipian births are returned as 15,449, giving a triplet to every 3089 births. According to the obstetric statistics of Great Britain, France, and Germany, the triplet is as one in every 7443 births, and as to Victoria, the following extract from HaytcPs Handbook (1883-4) speaks for itself:—"In 1883, 183 twin births, but no triple births were registered, as against 215 twin births and 2 triple births in 1882. In the ten years ended with 1880, 2426 cases of twins, and 21 cases of triplets were recorded; the total number of births in the same period having been 268,710. There were thus 266,242 confinements in the ten years, and it follows that one mother in every i n gave birth to twins, and one mother in every 12,796 was delivered of three children at a birth." It will be seen from this that the triplet (or three-fold birth) is an exceptionally rare procreative product, but the quadruplet (or four-fold birth) is immeasurably rarer; for from returns compiled at the Rotunda Hospital, a famed maternity institution in Dublin, the proportion of quadruplets is computed as one in every 129,172 births. There is one, and only one, authenticated instance of the birth of a quintuplet, i.e.,fivechildren—all born alive ! ! On 16th August, 1850, a Mrs. Hopwood, whose husband was in comfortable circumstances, was walking along the bank of the river at Richmond. She was accompanied by two daughters (aged respectively eleven and nine), a nurse-maid, and a baby in arms. T h e servant and elder girl sought to obtain a drink of water, and whilst so engaged, the w o m a n , warily creeping behind, pushed the servant into the river; but it was in a shallow m u d d y spot, and she scrambled safely out. T h e mother next pushed in the daughter, w h o was drowned. Making for the second girl (Eliza) she also forced her in, but the servant calling to the girl to hold on to a stump, got her out. T h e mother, w h o had evidently been suddenly bereft of reason, ran up and d o w n for awhile, and then facing the current leaped into it and was also drowned. A n inquest was held on the recovered bodies, when "Temporary insanity on the part of the mother" was the verdict. The first hat manufactory was opened about this time by Mr. R. F. Bickerton, in Swanston Street ; and a newspaper of 25th September in making the announcement, declares that "Mr B is prepared to 'turn out' the best and cheapest hat in the Australian colonies, NNN and for superior quality and finish, w e doubt if any house in London could excel the hats n o w exhibited in his shop for lightness of texture and elegance of shape." The South suburban traffic, so far from progressing, appears to have adopted the crab as a model, by going backwards, for in October, 1850, the eve of the Separation rejoicings, the daily Brighton 'bus had shrunk into a tri-weekly, as evidenced by the following notification :— J. MOONEY B E G S to inform the Public that he intends running his Omnibus to and from Melbourne and Brighton on the following days, namely,

FROM BRIGHTON. The Brighton Hotel, on Mondays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, at half-past 8 o'clock in the morning.

FROM MELBOURNE. Mr. Chitty's Horse and Carriage Repository, Lonsdale Street, and M r . Sugden's Royal Mail Hotel, Swanston Street, at half-past 4 o'clock in the afternoon of the above days. Fares, T w o Shillings each way.

Years have flown by, and Brighton and Melbourne and the two hotels remain, but the 'buses and Chitty, Sugden, Mooney, and the horse repository have all gone to their account, and little more is known of them than if they had never been. In the vehicular traffic, as well as in everything else appertaining to Melbourne and its suburbs, marvellous changes have taken place; so m u c h so that in musing over the now and the then the mind feels as if almost incapable of comprehending the reality. A sad event arose out of a birth of twins at Collingwood, on 20th July, 1850. A Mrs. Buckingham resided near the Rose and Crown Hotel. She was 26 years old and three years married, and two days after her accouchement, in a paroxysm of puerperal mania, she sprang out of bed, and with her husband's razor nearly severed her head from her body. T h e husband, w h o was well known, received m u c h sympathy. In October there was a great scarcity of coal in town, when the price ran up to ,£2 10s. per ton, in consequence of the demand at Newcastle (N.S.W.) for coal to ship to California. O n the 20th eleven prisoners broke out of the Geelong Gaol, where they were all incarcerated in one cell. T h e door was opened for some purpose by the keeper, w h o was knocked down, and with two turnkeys was secured in the room vacated by the runaways. There was a police sentry posted outside, w h o captured three of the gang, but the others made good their escape, and were never re-taken. Lieutenant-Governor Latrobe held a levee at Mac's Hotel, Geelong, on 3rd September, where some ninety persons attended, and an address was presented from the T o w n Council. Mr. Richard Spence, a corn-dealer in Swanston Street, next to Germain Nicholson's, was a well-to-do individual, with a wife and three children, and one of the last m e n in Melbourne, to all appearance, likely to make away with himself. O n the 18th October he was found covered with blood, and a large Dover knife in his hand. Drs. Wilkie and Greeves were promptly in attendance, but the unfortunate suicide died soon after. N o reason, positive or presumable, could be assigned for the deed. T h e daughter of one Michael Reynolds strayed into the bush near Fiery Creek, and notwithstanding a weary and heart-rending search, all traces of her were lost. She was only a child, and was supposed to have either perished in the wilderness, or fallen into the hands of the Aborigines. In November, 1850, a white girl, about ten years old, was observed with a tribe of blacks in the same part of the country, and it was believed to be the lost youngster. Though a reward of ,£20 was offered for her recovery, and all other possible measures taken for her rescue, it was to no effect. On 7th December, Mr. Mason, from Geelong, was driving two ladies in a carriage belonging to a once well-known M r . H u g h Glass; and whilst proceeding through East Collins Street, the horses, becoming unmanageable, dashed to the south side and in upon the footpath, where the vehicle was pitched clean over a low fence, into the playground of a school kept by a Mr. Butterfield. Though the carriage was broken, and the horses m u c h injured, Mason and the ladies miraculously escaped injury. In January, 1851, there were in Melbourne 2 steam mills, 7 breweries, 1 soap-boiling establishment, 1 blacking manufactory, with 3 iron and 1 brass foundries. O n 7th March, 1851, " A gentleman by Act of Parliament," named Taggart, an Attorney, whilst suffering from delirium tremens, rushed out of his lodgings, in no wearables but shirt and socks, through Collins Street about seven in the evening. Bursting into the shop of Pelescini, a jeweller, he astonished the good folk there ; but he bounded out again, and there was quite a man-hunt along Swanston Street, but Taggart landed himself in a watery grave by jumping into the Yarra. At this time the Melbourne butchers (twenty-eight in number) issued a trade notice that there was to be a rise in the prices of meat in consequence of the increased price of fat stock. Their tariff was moderation itself compared with the ruling rates of the present day, for the scale was :—Roast beef, legs, loins, and shoulders of mutton, 3d. per lb. ; rump steak and loin chops, 3j4d; prime corned beef, 2j^d., &c. In April, 1851, things wore a very discouraging aspect in various parts of the interior. Cattle were dying in hundreds in consequence of the drought, and sheep were going off in thousands on several stations. Feed had nearly altogether disappeared, and some of the most productive plains were as grassless as the streets of Melbourne. Catarrh had broken out in several quarters, and it was feared that if the unfavourable weather continued flecks never before afflicted with the pestilence would become its victims. Most of the waterholes were completely dried up, and there was scarcely a drink of water to be found in the Loddon for a considerable way up its course. T h e settlers were looking forth with m u c h apprehension for the next lambing, which would be materially injured should there be m u c h more dry weather. T h e intelligence from the Western District was not so gloomy, though the want of feed and water was beginning to be felt. T h e last week of the month, however, tended m u c h to alleviate, if not completely banish, such forebodings, for ere May-Day set in there was plenty of rain, especially in the Western Port and Western Districts, and the rainfall was pretty general inward. Mr. Cunninghame, a tinsmith in Elizabeth Street, constructed an ingenious sort of p u m p for emptying cellars. It was estimated as capable of, with the power of one person, lifting water 32 feet and conducting it 500 feet. T h e brass castings for it were manufactured in South Australia, the price was moderate, and several of the articles were ordered. Mr. Cole, a Richmond gardener, exhibited grapes from a two-year old vineyard, which, considering the season, were never before equalled in the province. They were of three kinds, and a bunch of black St. Peter's weighed 4 lbs. They were kept on show for some days in the shop of Mr. H . W . Mason, of Collins Street. Soon after he exhibited what he named the " Defiance" pea. From one pea planted in the preceding year he had as seed for the current year two bushels (less five quarts). In size the pea resembled the "Marrowfat," required no sticking, should not be sown before June, and then dibbled into the earth at intervals of nine inches. NNN 2 About this time a young m a n named Rooney brought to town some specimens of beautifully variegated marble, a whole range of which he declared he had discovered at the River Ovens. They were presented to Superintendent Latrobe. In the year 1851 bread reached so high a price at Geelong that a meeting was held at the Theatre, Malop Street, and a "Co-operative Bread Society" started, with a capital of ,£2500 in one thousand A Provisional Committee was fifty-shilling shares, no one person to hold more than five shares. appointed to prepare rules of management, but the project fell through. On the 23rd August a sow on the farm of Mr. Holmes of the Merri Creek, gave birth to twenty young ones—an instance of fecundity hitherto unknown here, and beating little Joneses " record.

"the three

There is now (1883) in Melbourne an antique Christianised Jew named Samuel Henry, who declares himself an " Old Colonist" of the Fawkner-c«w-Batman era, and asserts that it was he w h ofirstcropped and shaved Buckley, " the wild white man," after his surrender to the Batman party at Indented Head. H e had a very tough job of it—and no wonder, for Buckley had been untouched by soap or steel for thirty years. This tonsorial feat occupied S a m the best part of a day, and spoiled a pair of sheep shears and two not over-set razors. H e was paid, though not illiberally, for he got a bottle of brandy as his hire; and; under the circumstances, the labourer was not unworthy of it. A popular error has hitherto prevailed in the colony, which it is almost a pity to destroy, but true history should be inexorable. As I have previously stated, when Mr. J. T. Smith, Melbourne's only seven times Mayor, visited England in 1858, he brought back with him to Victoria a veritable British-born ass. Port Phillip, however, possessed an anterior ass, if not of English birth, of the undoubted Anglican species. Amongst the early arrivals who squatted near Melbourne was a Mr. Sylvester, commonly known as " Paddy" Browne, who resided at Heidelberg, and depastured a small station on the Plenty. Amongst the belongings with which he cleared out from Sydney was a donkey, but whether foaled in N e w South Wales or not I cannot say. However, he was indubitably thefirstass of either British birth or pedigree ever domiciled in Port Phillip. T h e "Edouard" was turned out to grass with some young cattle in a paddock, when a party of Aborigines hove in sight, returning from the Ranges, whither they had gone to procure lyre birds' tails (now obtained only with much trouble in Gippsland, but then in abundance in all the heavy-timbered country nearer town), with which the natives carried on a commerce with the Europeans. They were in high good humour, for their hunt had laden them with spoil, and they laughed, crowed, and chattered merrily. Suddenly the darkies and the donkey confronted each other, and the meeting was a mutual surprise. T h e Natives looked upon an animal the like of which they had never before seen or heard of, and the jackass started with astonishment at the m o b of nondescript creatures before him. With English blood in his veins his courage rose to the occasion, so letting off a volley of braying, with a gallantry unusual in his race, he charged the blackfellows, who, dropping their precious booty in affright, commenced a retreat pursued by the donkey for some distance. A n d this is how the first four-footed ass got a footing in Melbourne. THE FOUNDER OF PORTLAND.

My reading and inquiries have impressed me with the conviction that notwithstanding all that has been written and orated to the contrary, the real founder of Portland was a n o w almost forgotten individual, named William Dutton. In this belief I a m confirmed by a letter written in November, 1884, to a Melbourne journal by Mr. Alexander Campbell, of South Yarra, w h o speaks chiefly from absolute personal knowledge. From it I extract thus :—" In 1832 I was asked to join a whaling shore-party going to Portland Bay, but preferred sperm-whaling as being more adventuresome. T h e coast even then was well known. M y cousin, Captain H u g h M'Lean, in command of the 'Henry,' made two or three voyages there, trading in wallaby and seal-skins to Launceston, in and about 1828. H e was afterwards lost in the sad-fated 'Britannia.' T h e whaling party went, and built comfortable huts on shore (in one of which I afterwards lived), under the charge of Mr. William Dutton, w h o received the Hentys hospitably on their arrival (his own words). H e had over 30 m e n employed there, and some could not return. I was in charge of the whalingstation when Major Mitchell arrived in 1836 with not less than 24 men.

" T h e late Captain Mills and others were sealing there before the arrival of the whalers. Mr. Edward and M r . Stephen Henty commenced whaling in 1837. " It is impossible to tell the correct history of thefirstWestern Victorian pioneers without mentioning the n a m e of the energetic, enterprising shipmaster and shipbuilder John Griffiths. H e fitted out all the early whalers to that part out of Launceston, and built ' T h e Brothers,' a schooner, in 1847, at Port Fairy, and a punt in 1837 for cutting in whales. H e was born in N e w South Wales in 1801, a pioneer of our native youth." A correspondent under the signature " A Portlander," dated 17th August, 1885, furnished m e with the following :—" William Dutton undoubtedly earned on Bay whaling at Portland prior to the arrival of any of the Hentys; but it m a y reasonably be inferred, from experience in other localities, that had the existence of the T o w n of Portland depended on the whalers w h o frequented its shore, the site would, in all probability, have been abandoned with the decline of the whale-fishery which embodied their staple interests. Edward Henty left Launceston with the intention of settling at Portland, and founding a h o m e there, as the following oft-quoted extract from the Launceston Advertiser of the 13th October, 1834, should conclusively prove:—Departures.—'Thistle,' schooner, Liddle, master, for Portland Bay. Passengers— E. Henty and five servants, together with a full cargo of agricultural implements and building materials. O n the 29th November, 1834, the 'Thistle' returned from Portland Bay in ballast, and afterwards was continued for a time taking stock across from Launceston to Portland. Edward and Stephen. Henty m a y not have commenced whaling until 1837, but the settlement took place some three years prior to this, and the fishery was only added as a branch industry to their already established farming operations. T h e foregoing m a y not be of any interest to the general community, but to those w h o value historical correctness, these few remarks should be of more importance, and this must be m y excuse for tendering them." Mr. Francis Henty, in a recent communication to a Melbourne newspaper, makes the annexed correction : "It was in September, 1835, o n m >' w a Y back from Launceston to Portland in the small cutter, the ' Mary Ann,' that Ifirstsaw the site of Melbourne. W e called in at Port Phillip and removed Batman and his party from Indented H e a d to the Yarra Yarra Falls, n o w the Queen's Wharf. Batman had been round the coast to this spot before, and I found Mr. Fawkner's party located on the south bank of the river, but not Mr. J. P. Fawkner himself, he not having arrived till about the middle of October, as his o w n signature to the old colonists' address to Prince Alfred will testify." MY -FIRST AND LAST TRIP TO THE RACES.

An "Old Colonist," whose courtesy I have acknowledged elsewhere, has supplied the following scrap of reminiscence which is worth publishing, though considering that he has been in the colony since before the first race meet was held at Flemington up to the present, his turf experiences are of the most limited character. Nevertheless, the particulars of his two ventures upon the forbidden ground are both reliable and readable. " In the olden times the annual races on the metropolitan course took place usually in the month of March, and, as it was the only meeting of that kind in the colony, many country people visited Melbourne during the race week. T h e sole means of access to the course by land was riding on horseback or in a dray—no lighter vehicles being used then; and, as there was no road, it was rather rough on travellers. But there was a much pleasanter way of getting to the same destination by water, as the steamer 'Aphrasia,' which traded to Geelong, was laid on for the racecourse direct; and, as the T o w n Band was announced to play on board, this was an additional attraction to lovers of music. Accompanied by a friend, w e proceeded to the Queen's Wharf, where the ' Aphrasia' was lying, decorated with a profuse display of bunting, which gave her quite a gala appearance. Casting off her moorings, she steamed down the Yarra, and with Tickell's band playing in fine style, ' In Days when w e went Gypsying, a long time ago,' we passed the 'Christina,' 'Henry,' ' Lillias,' ' Flying Squirrel,' and other colonial traders, discharging and loading in the stream. T h e Yarra at that time was bordered on each side by a dense ti-tree scrub, from below Batman's Hill to the junction of the Saltwater River. W e had a very pleasant passage, the band playing dance and other music, to the satisfaction of the passengers. W e were landed on the east bank of the river, on the site selected as a racecourse, and w e beheld several booths erected a short distance off, and a number offlagsflyingin the breeze imparted quite a jolliness to the occasion. In front of the booths, a chain about ioo yards long was fixed on each side of the railing, so that the horses might pass by the winning post without interruption; and a portion of the course was marked off with posts, so that no mistake need be made during the race. Country folks were there in abundance, many of them riding about in a very reckless manner, with one spur on the right heel, with which they punished their poor horses rather unmercifully. T h e band, transferred from the steamer, was perched on a platform erected in one of the booths—a capital draw—for there was sure to be there a constant though changing crowd to listen to the music. It was a beautiful cool day, and the visitors enjoyed themselves very much. It was the grand annual, though casual, foregathering of acquaintances. T h e racing wasfirst-rate,and two horses named R o m e o and Plenipo carried off the honors, while the names of the successful jockeys, Sandy the Butcher, Jim M'Nall, and Lewis Pedrana, were noted by all. At that time very little of that curse of modern racing—betting—prevailed. T h e people returned h o m e happy and contented with their day's pleasure. O n the return trip the ' Aphrasia' was crowded with passengers, the band giving them ' The Lass of Richmond Hill,' ' T h e Light of Other Days is Faded,' ' The Sea,' ' Rory O'More,' and other tunes in favour with the public then. I did not go to the races next year. A drunken row occurred there, which caused the death of a poor fellow named M'Auliffe. Again the racing season came round, and I m a d e up m y mind to be all there; but as I was only 12 years old, m y parents were not willing, on account of the unhappy occurrence of the prexious year, that I should go, and gave m e as an alternative a trip to Hobson's Bay (which at that time was a great treat), or buy m e a nice book. Nothing, however, would do, but I must go the racecourse. It was between 11 and 12 o'clock in the forenoon, m y parents, seeing that nothing else would please me, reluctantly conceded the privilege, and off I started. A s thefirstrace took place at 1 o'clock, I ran nearly all the way to the ground ; and, as the hot wind was blowing with clouds of dust, when I reached m y destination I was very thirsty, and there was no fresh water obtainable. However, I managed at last to get a drink of water on board a steamer which had brought down passengers. Ihe racing was very miserable, for the dust was so great that it was hard to obtain a good view of the running , besides which many mounted countrymen galloped along inside the posts, so that it was almost impossible to see a single one of the matches on the card. Owing to the heat, some unfortunates drank too m u c h beer, and were handcuffed to a bullock-chain passed round a tree, where they lay in the broiling sun until the evening, when they were taken to town in a bullock dray. I returned home, hot, tired, and dusty, resolving never to go again, which resolution I have kept."

Two DAYS' FISHING IN THE OLDEN TIMES.

The first was on a winter's morn in 1840, when two boys went down to the Queen's Wharf for a walk. It was a cloudy day, with a fresh westerly breeze blowing. At that time the wharf was in a very primitive condition. Only a small portion was piled for the use of the " Aphrasia" steamer, and the only other steamer in the port was the "Governor Arthur," which plied to Williamstown and the Bay. T h e remaining frontage to the river was in a state of nature, trees in many places overhanging the banks, to which vessels were moored when required. T h e approaches to the wharf were in a shocking condition-no vestige of a road, but just the original swamp, which stretched along from Batman's Hill to Richmond. A large gully ran across the thoroughfare from the corner of William Street to the basin. In winter time this was a veritable creek, and was known as "the River Enscoe," from the n a m e of the firm that occupied premises on the corner of William and Flinders Streets, Messrs. T h o m a s Enscoe and James. T h e ti-tree swamp, thickly overgrown with jungle, reached up to the place where the "Governor Arthur" lay at the entrance to the basin, and, taking advantage of the fine breeze and high tide, a large brig, named the " Jewess," from Sydney, had run up the river and anchored in the basin. A boat was sent in from the vessel and a hawser tied to a large tree on the bank, when the sailors commenced singing merrily at an old sea song (now out of date) " O h row, and up she rises early in the morning." While walking along, the boys, having a piece of string, pulled a switch out of the swamp and fastened a hook on. A float was soon procured in the form of a cork from an adjacent public-house, and a piece of meat having been obtained from the cook of the steamer, the line was thrown in under a large tree which projected from the river's bank. Very soon the cork bobbed down, and one boy called on the other to assist him, and a splendid schnapper weighing 4 or 5 lbs. was landed. T h e boys returned h o m e very m u c h pleased with their morning's work, and thus ended thefirstday's fishing. T h e other day's fishing in the Yarra was in the early part of the summer of 1848. It was a delightful day, with a cool southerly breeze blowing, and every n o w and then clouds passing over the sun, tempering his ardent rays. M u c h improvement had been effected since 1840, for a comparatively commodious wharf n o w bounded the north side of the basin, whilst lower down were Cole's D o c k and Raleigh's Wharf. T h e n e w dock trade had evidently increased, for there were five vessels of no inconsiderable size discharging cargo, including the "Velocity," a large schooner, belonging to the once well-known Benjamin Boyd, in which he had just brought to the colony a cargo of Fiji Islanders, as a sample of labour for the squattocracy. T h e Fijians of that day were cannibals, and looked as if they could eat anything. S o m e of the savage lot remained in Melbourne, and turned out to be very good servants. Slaughterhouses were, at this time, just below Batman's Hill, and here was the best fishing ground, and it was always well patronized by the amateur anglers, w h o lined the bank, and often secured some rare takes of fine large mullet. T h e writer had only the ordinary bait, and could not get as m u c h as a bite, for those w h o were the most successful had baited with large maggots from a neighbouring boiling down establishment. At last, irritated by his failure, he overcame his repugnance to the successful bait, and determining to do in R o m e as the R o m a n s do, took a handful of the crawlers from a sheepskin, and threading half-a-dozen of the wriggling creatures on his hook, soon succeeded in obtaining a large number of the beautiful mullett, which were then easily obtainable in the Upper Yarra ; but now, owing to the impure state of the river, and the constant navigation by the steamers, no such luck is possible. T h e largest fish captured was lost in rather a strange manner. There were a number of rat-holes on the bank of the river, and a rat, taking advantage of thefisher'sexcitement, popped out of his den, and seizing the largest fish, pulled it away with him, the last seen of it being the head disappearing. A n d thus ended a very pleasant day's amusement. The business rows in some of the Attorney partnerships were often laughable, and though I could produce a host, I content myself with one ex. gra. T w o of them once c h u m m e d in business and went on harmoniously for a while, doing a roaring trade, and making a heavy purse. O n e of' them was considerably the senior of the other, and they were both married to ladies of ages presenting a difference of years which might comparatively assimilate to those of their husbandsT h e elder of the fair sex, as became the proprietress of the head of the firm, was disposed to be somewhat exacting and dictatorial towards her junior friend, w h o rebelled against what she conceived to be an unauthorized exercise of social authority, and so one day it ended in aflare-up,and the ladies mutually severed all connexion with each other. But the quarrel did not end here, as it o~u<mt for the elder matron appealed to what she conceived to be a higher court, and laid her grievance- before her husband. Though a good lawyer, and a shrewd man, he was the unresisting subject of a gynarchy, and the next day the spiteful little comedy of the ladies was reproduced in a more serious scale in the office of the male partners, when the finale was that the younger m a n had the unmanliness to threaten lo kick the other, but he was himself (metaphorically) kicked out of the establishment. S o m e portions of the career of that colonial notable " Johnny " Bourke are most interesting, and amongst them is the following :— Just half a century ago, M r . Bourke offered his services to M r . John H a w d o n , the contractor of thefirstoverland mail to and from Melbourne and Sydney, to convey the post bag from Melbourne to Howlong on the Murray and back. This perilous task Bourke performed for a year, aided solely by a few good stock-horses, the water to be found on the route, a supply of suet "damper," and a case of pistols. These "fire-irons" were the most historical twins that ever helped in a blaze-up in the colony— for a year or so after Bourke had done with them, they figured in thefirstduel fought in Port Phillip, the belligerents being the once well-known Peter Snodgrass and William Ryrie, the battlefield the Spencer Street Railway Station, then (the since demolished) Batman's Hill* I have in m y possession an autograph account of "Johnny" Bourke's twelvemonths' letter-carrying, which m a y yet appear in print, when its perusal will satisfy any impartial reader that the post courier must have possessed a charmed life to have escaped death from either drowning, hunger, or thirst, or being murdered by the blacks. Through one of the many whirligigs of time which no one can foresee, Bourke, in after years a wealthy publican, succumbed to the pressure of adversity to such a degree as to be glad to accept a subordinate position in the General Post Office, for which he did so m u c h in its infancy. H e has now (1888) left the Government service; and, though a sexagenarian, it was a burning shame for the Public Service Board to get rid of such a man, so long as he was capable of performing his duty. Amongst the numerous arrivals from England in the early years was a gentleman, a B.A. of Oxford University. After a short residence in Melbourne he invested his capital, which was by no means large, in the purchase of sheep, and with three motherless children—a son and two daughters—• he joined a squatter w h o had a partially-stocked run in the Geelong district. Here he had the misfortune to lose one of his daughters, w h o was accidentally drowned in the Barwon River. A year or two later in company with his partner, he purchased a run in the neighbourhood of the Grampians, but at that time m u c h infested with blacks, w h o were very numerous and warlike, and naturally resisted the approach of the white man. O n e of thefirstsights that met the gaze of the n e w arrivals were two skulls—one that of a young m a n of about eighteen, and the other that of a female somewhat older, sticking on the bush chimney of their future dwelling. Their original possessors had been surprised and killed by the natives, and their bodies devoured. Driven from their hunting grounds, deprived of their supply of food, and often hunted and killed by the settlers like wild beasts, the natives watched every opportunity for retaliation; hence huts were robbed, the hut-keepers tomahawked, the shepherds speared, the sheep driven away and slaughtered, and vengeance wreaked on any white m a n or w o m a n w h o unguardedly wandered from home. Fawkner, from his V a n Diemonian experiences, had an absolute horror of convictism in any shape or form, and the " Ticket-of-Leave" men, whenever they got a chance, did not spare him. In the 6th number of his Advertiser he thus proclaims one of his early grievances :—" Sunday night or early this morning, six prisoners of the Crown absconded from their respective masters, taking with them a large boat belonging to J. P. Fawkner, and a Mariner's compass." O n the 26th he delivers himself of the annexed elegant announcement in connection with the same scoundrels :—" O n Friday last the six bushrangers w h o some time past stole a Boat from this town entered the hut of Mr. O'Connor's station near Western Port and took three guns, one Pistol and a quantity of gunpowder and Shot, Pair of Boots, S o m e Flour, Tea, Sugar, etc. U p o n Mr. O'Connor

Chapter LVL, page 775. urging the danger of being left without firearms, they promised to return two of the Guns and Pistol. They behaved very quietly and avoided all that Brutal conduct which so frequently Attends such Exploits."

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Though Fawkner was himself the first sly-grog seller—or, at least, the first unlicensed vendor of spirituous and fermented liquors—when he became a regularly set-up publican, he was not at all disposed to sanction infractions of the law, and this is how his paper discourses upon some recent Police Court convictions:— "On Thursday last several cases of grog-selling without a license were tried, and there were parties fined in the sum of £30 each. As they are punished for the offence they have committed, we refrain from giving their names, but we shall watch closely, and if they offend again they must incur the punishment of publicity."