The Moving Picture World/Volume 1/Number 2/Edison vs. Biograph
Edison vs. Biograph.
Owing to the importance of the decision handed down from the United States Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, in re Thomas A. Edison vs. American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, we deem it necessary in the interests of the profession at large to publish the opinion of the judges in full; consequently, several matters of interest are held over till next issue.
UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS,
Second Circuit.
Before Wallace, Lacombe, and Coxe, Circuit Judges.
This case comes here upon appeal from a decree of the Circuit Court, Southern District of New York, dismissing a bill in equity for infringement of a patent. The patent is Re-issue No. 12,037, dated September 30, 1902, original No. 589, 168 (August 31, 1897), to Thomas A. Edison for a kinetoscope. The opinion below will be found in 144 F. R., 121.
The original patent was before this court in a suit by the same complainant against the same defendant, reported 114 F. R., 926. The claims of the original patent were:
"1. An apparatus for effecting by photography a representation suitable for reproduction of a scene including a moving object or objects, comprising a means for intermittently projecting at such rapid rate as to result in persistence of vision images of successive positions of the object or objects in motion, as observed from a fixed and single point of view, a sensitized tape-like film and a means for so moving the film as to cause the successive images to be received thereon separately and in a single-line sequence.
"2. An apparatus for taking photographs suitable for the exhibition of objects in motion, having in combination a single camera, and means for passing a sensitized tape film at a high rate of speed across the lens of the camera, and for exposing successive portions of the film in rapid succession, substantially as set forth.
"3. An apparatus for taking photographs suitable for exhibition of objects in motion, having in combination a single camera, and means for passing a sensitized tape-film across the lens of the camera at a high rate of speed and with an intermittent motion, and for exposing successive portions of the film during the periods of rest, substantially as set forth.
"4. An apparatus for taking photographs suitable for the exhibition of objects in motion, having in combination a single camera, and means for passing a sensitized tape-film across the lens at a high rate of speed and with an intermittent motion, and for exposing successive portions of the film during the periods of rest, the periods of rest being greater than the periods of motion, substantially as set forth.
"5. An unbroken transparent or translucent tape-like photographic film having thereon equidistant photographs of successive positions of an object in motion, all taken from the same point of view, such photographs being arranged in continuous straight-line sequence, unlimited in number save by the length of the film, substantially as described.
"6. An unbroken transparent or translucent tape-like photographic film provided with perforated edges and having thereon equidistant photographs of successive positions of an object in motion all taken form the same point of view, such photographs being arranged in a continuous straight-line sequence, unlimited in number save by the length of the film, substantially as described."
In the prior suit the circuit court sustained claims 1, 2, 3 and 5 and those only came before this court upon the appeal. It was held that the patentee was not entitled to such broad claims, the decree of the circuit court was reversed and the bill dismissed. Thereupon the patentee applied for and obtained a re-issue, in two patents, one for the film as a new article of manufacture (the subject of original claim 6), which is not involved in this case, and the other which is now sued upon. This re-issued patent contains four claims; the first three are as follows:
"1. An apparatus for taking photographs suitable for the exhibition of objects in motion, having in combination a camera having a single stationary lens; a single sensitized tape-film supported on opposite sides of, and longitudinally movable with respect to, the lens, and having an intermediate section of the film and moving the same across the lens of ; feeding devices engaging such intermediate section of the film and moving the same across the lens of the camera at a high rate of speed and with an intermittent motion; and a shutter exposing successive portions of the film during the periods of rest, substantially as set forth.
"2. An apparatus for taking photographs suitable for the exhibition of objects in motion, having in combination a camera having a single stationary; a single sensitized tape-film supported on opposite sides of, and longitudinally movable with respect to, the lens, and having an intermediate section crossing the lens; a continuously rotating drive-shaft; feeding devices operated by said shaft engaging such intermediate section of the film and moving the same across the lens of the camera at a high rate of speed and with an intermittent motion; and a continuously-rotating shutter operated by said shaft for exposing successive portions of the film during the periods of rest, substantially as set forth.
"3. An apparatus for taking photographs suitable for the exhibition of objects in motion, having in combination a camera having a single stationary lens; and longitudinally movable with respect to, the lens, and having an intermediate section crossing the lens; a continuously rotating driving-shaft; feeding devices operated by said shaft engaging such intermediate section of the film and moving the same across the lens of the camera at a high rate of speed and with an intermittent motion; a shutter exposing successive portions of the film during the periods of rest; and a reel revolved by said shaft with variable speed for winding the film thereon after exposure, substantially as set forth."
The fourth claim of the re-issued patent is identical with the fourth claim of the original. One of the alleged infringing devices, that namely which, it is contended, infringes only claims 1, 2 and 3, is the same device that was before the court in the first suit and is known as the biograph camera; the other alleged infringing device is known as the Warwick camera and it is contended infringes also claim 4.
Lacombe, Circuit Judge
Upon the appeal in the first suit we discussed the prior art and the general character of the device sought to be patented at very great length. It is unnecessary to repeat that discussion; all that was said in the prior opinion, however, may be considered as embodied herein, since the conclusion hereinafter expressed is founded upon the findings then made and which nothing in the present record or argument induces us to qualify in any manner. We held that Edison was "not a pioneer in the large sense of the term, or in the limited sense in which he would have been if he invented the film. He was not the inventor of the film. He was not the first inventor of apparatus capable of producing suitable negatives, taken from practically a single point of view, in single-line sequence upon a film like his, and embodying the same general means of rotating drums and shutters for bringing the sensitized surface across the lens and exposing successive potions of it in rapid succession... Neither was he the first inventor of apparatus capable of producing suitable negatives and embodying means for passing a sensitized surface across a single lens camera at a high rate of speed and with an intermittent motion, and for exposing successive portions of the surfaces during periods of rest." Also that "the real invention, if it involved invention as distinguished from improvement, probably consists of details of organization, by which the capacity of the reels and moving devices are augmented and adapted to carry the film of the patent rapidly and properly."
Upon the record in that cause, however, we held that the "prior art did not disclose the specific type of apparatus which is described in his patent. His apparatus is capable of using a single sensitized and flexible film of great length with a single lens camera, and of producing an indefinite number of negatives on such a film with a rapidity theretofore unknown." The case was therefore an appropriate one for re-issue under Sec. 4,916, U. S. Rev. Stat., since there is no suggestion of any fraudulent or deceptive intention in claiming more than the patentee was found to be entitled to. Upon re-issue with claims restricted to the specific type of apparatus described in the patent, the question would be presented whether those claims as thus restricted to the specific type of apparatus described in the patent, the question would be presented whether those claims as thus restricted were properly allowed in view of the state of the art and whether defendant's device infringed them.
The specific type of apparatus shown in the patent was thus described in our former opinion; it "is enclosed in a box-like casing from which light will be excluded except through the lens, and which embraces an ordinary adjustable camera having the lens mounted in the side of the box. Two reels, enclosed in suitable cases, are located on opposite sides of the camera lens. The film is drawn from one of the reels on to the other across the lens. It is transparent or translucent, and tape-like in form, and is preferably of sufficient width to admit the taking of pictures one inch in diameter between the rows of holes on its edges. These holes are for engagement with the feed wheels for positively advancing the film. When the film is narrow it is not essential to use two rows of perforation and two feed wheels, one of such rows and one feed wheel being sufficient. The two feed wheels are carried by a shaft and engage the film on one side of the camera opening. The power is supplied by an electric motor which drives a rotating shaft carrying the feed wheels through a pulley held in frictional engagement with the feed-wheel shaft. The take-up reel, or the reel which receives the tape after passing the lens, is also driven from the motor shaft through a pulley which is frictionally mounted upon the reel shaft. The shaft carrying the feed wheels is controlled by a stop or escapement movement which is driven positively by another shift, so that, although the motor tends to drive the feed wheels continuously, they are only permitted to turn with an intermitted motion by the stop or escapement device, the pulley which drives the feed wheels slipping on the feed wheel shaft while that shaft is held at rest by the stop or escapement device. A shutter consisting of a rotating disk having an opening in it is mounted directly upon the motor shaft and revolves past the lens, so that the light from the lens is intermittently thrown upon and cut off from the sensitive surface of the film. The camera is shown as a single lens, and is arranged to protect the image of the scene being photographed upon the film when the openings of the shutter disk are opposite the aperture between the lens and the film. In operation the apparatus is first charged with a tape-film several hundred or even thousands of feet in length. The specification states that the parts are preferably proportioned so that the film is at rest for nine-tenths of the time, in order to give the sensitized film as long an exposure as practicable, and is moving forward one-tenth of the time, and that the forward movement is made to take place thirty or more times per second, and preferably at least as high as forty-six times per second, although the rapidity of movement or number of times per second may be regulated as desired to give satisfactory results, and there should be at least enough so that the eye of the observer cannot distinguish, or, at least, cannot clearly or positively distinguish, at a glance, the difference in position occupied by the objects in the successive pictures."
The securing of intermittent action to the parts which engage the film is effected by certain stop devices, the details of which need not be enquired into; they are equally adapted to other uses than those shown in the patent and are the subject of a separate patent to Edison No. 491,993. The important distinctive feature is the manner in which these intermittently moving parts handle the film. In addition to the references in the earlier case, there are a number of patents introduced here, of which it is sufficient to say that we concur with the judge who heard the cause at circuit that the apparatus described in the patent exhibits patentable novelty. Such novelty, however, cannot be predicated solely on the circumstance that the intermittently moving parts operate directly upon the film; the meritorious feature of the device is that they seize hold of the film firmly, move it positively, regularly, evenly and very rapidly without jarring, jerking or slipping, producing a negative which can be printed from and reproduced as a whole without rearrangement to correct imperfect spacing of the successive pictures. The specification states that when the film is clamped in the delivery case "the loose pulleys 7 18 slip without pulling said film along," and the when the film is released from the clamp "the pulleys operate to pull the same along." Loose pulley 18 turns the take-up reel and it has been suggested that the phrases quoted imply that such reel is, in fact, the feeding mechanism. A careful study of the patent has satisfied us that this is not so. The specification explicitly states that the "teeth of the wheels 5 enter the holes along the edges of the film for the purpose of positively advancing the film." The organization described shows that the sprocket wheels are adapted to push the film along as they revolve, as well as to hold it back when they are at rest. The distance to be moved for each exposure is so short (an inch) that the film can apparently be moved forward by pushing it as well as by pulling, since the guard or guide through which it moves protects it against buckling. While the film may at times be practically tense between the intermittently moving sprocket wheels and the take-up reel, it would seem that operation at high speed would soon produce a slack or loop between the sprocket-wheels and the delivery reel, and the evidence of a complainant's expert shows that in practice this is so. The specification states that when the film is narrow it is not essential to use two rows of perforation and two feed-wheels, but at least one sprocket wheel and one row of perforations are essential to the organization described. In succession each sprocket enters a hole, thereby holding the film firmly and positively, and either advancing it forward or holding it at rest by a method of engagement, which eliminates all chance of slip. The engagement between the feed-wheels and the film is not frictional; the film is continuously held by the interlocking of a sprocket enters the next succeeding-hole. Irrespective entirely of any action of the take-up reel the film must advance as the sprocket wheel moves and cannot advance when the sprocket wheel is at rest. Complainant's expert has operated a camera constructed in substantial accordance with the specifications, and from which he had removed the take-up reel. He found that the sprocket wheels alone moved the intermediate section of film across the camera at the requisite high rate of speed and with the intermittent motion.
In the defendant's Biograph Camera there are the usual reels and devices for giving to some parts of the apparatus a continuous and to others an intermittent motion. The "intermediate section" of the film is moved across the lens by two friction rollers located just beyond the film-guide; these move continuously and draw the film forward. The mechanism for holding the same stationary during exposure is stipulated in the record. "Mounted upon the motor shaft N is a grooved cam n, imparting movement to an arm n1 (which arm rocks a shaft n2. * * * Loosely mounted upon the journal n2 (of the rock shaft) is a tension leaf W forming part of the film slide (or film-grade) F. The film B passes between this tension leaf and the back plate f of the guide. * * * n5 designates a projection mounted upon the rock shaft n2 and co-acting with the tension leaf W to throw the same away from the back plate and therefore out of engagement with the film when a portion of the film has been exposed and it is desired to again move the film relatively to the lens. The rolls, which draw the film, rotate constantly, and would feed the film past the lens with the continuous motion were it not that the film is gripped by the tension leaf momentarily to admit exposure."
Figure 5 of the drawings of Defendant's Biograph machine will facilitate the misunderstanding of this description.
It will be observed that there is a part marked n4 called a "punch," which might be supposed to have, in part, the function of complainant's sprocket, holding back the film by interlocking engagement. This is not so, as will be seen when the necessity for using a punch is pointed out later on.
The engagement of defendant's moving parts with the "intermediate section" of film is wholly frictional; there is no such interlocking as will hold the film firmly, advancing it with mathematical accuracy precisely the same distance between exposures, making its motion absolutely co-extensive with that of the sprocket wheel from the beginning of the operation to the end, and thus securing a perfection of spacing of the negatives upon the exposed film. It is apparent that in the defendant's engagement there is the possibility of "slip"; and it might be expected that the likelihood of such action would be increased by the extremely high speed at which these machines are run, giving 20 or more exposures per second. This, moreover, is not a matter of conjecture; there is positive proof. Marvin, who has had large experience in operating defendant's machines, testified:
"Negatives, to my knowledge, are never exhibited in public. In order to exhibit a picture it is necessary to print positive reproductions. The apparatus in which such positive reproductions are printed can readily be arranged so that the pictures upon the positive strip of film are uniformly spaced, although the pictures up on the negative strip may be very unevenly spaced. As a matter of fact, none of the cameras of our company produce uniformly-spaced negatives. In the manufacture of our mutoscope pictures the positive pictures are printed upon bromide paper and the paper is cut up so that each piece of paper carries an independent picture."
It is solely to facilitate this operation that the punches are brought into the combination. The film has no holes along its edges as it leaves the supply-reel; they are punched in only at the moment of exposure. The stipulated description reads: "Secured to the rock shaft n2 are two punch arms n3 at the outer ends of which are mounted punches n4. * * * The film B is perforated in its passage between said tension leaf and backplate by means of the punches n4 * * * The film is gripped by the tension leaf momentarily to permit exposure. During this gripping interval the punch n4 is actuated to perforate the film opposite each exposed portion and at or adjacent to each of the film."
The use of the perforations as an aid to correcting the results of imperfect spacing is shown in the testimony of Johnson, superintendent of defendant's photographic department:
"The feed in the biograph camera is by friction rollers, and the feed is tolerably regular so long as the film is of one thickness and so long as all the adjustments on the machine are kept in first-rate condition. As a matter of fact, however, the film varies very considerably in thickness, and the feed is by no means regular, varying from three-sixteenths to five-sixteenths of an inch in some cases. The normal proper feed is one-quarter of an inch. It would not be possible to exhibit properly a positice fac-simile of the negative film which our company's (Biograph) camera produces.
"Q. 21. Please explain how defendant company prepares the films and prints from these negatives which are used in the exhibiting machines?
"A. The camera is provided with a pair of punches and dies, which are brought into operation and perforate the film during the period of exposure. The perforations are situated in a blank space underneath the picture proper and always bear a fixed relation to the picture itself, so that these holes being fixed fitted over dowel pins in our printing machine, enable us to print a picture which shall be perfect in register with every other picture, irrespective of the spacing in the negative film. * * * The spacing of the pictures on the positive film made by out company is such that the scenes which the photographs represent will not be properly produced by simply passing the film through the Biograph."
Because of these differences in parts, in action and in result, we are of the opinion that the defendant's Biograph camera is not the type of apparatus described and shown in the original and re-issued patent. The language, even of the re-issued claims, considered by itself and giving no force to the words "substantially as set forth," may be broad enough to cover it, but that is not sufficient. "Infringement should not be determined by a mere decision that the terms of a claim of a valid patent are applicable to the defendant's device. Two things are not precisely similar because the same words are applicable to each. The question of infringement involves consideration of practical utility and of substantial identity, and therefore must be quantitative as well as qualitative." Goodyear Shoe Mach. Co. v. Spalding, 101 F. R. 990. We conclude, therefore, that defendant's Biograph camera does not infringe claims 1, 2 or 3 of the Re-issue.
The other apparatus used by the defendant, viz. the Warwick camera, has a different mode of operation. The engaging rollers, which advance the film after it has passed the film-slide or guide where exposure is made and which deliver it to the take-up reel are located about half way between the take-up reel and the film-slide, and their movement is so regulated as to other parts that there will always be a loop of slack film between said rollers on the film-slide, and their movement is so regulated as to other parts that there will always be a loop of slack film between said rollers on the film-slide. In consequence the film cannot be advanced by any revolution of these rollers, as was the case with the Biograph camera. The film as it comes from the delivery roll has a row of holes along each edge; when it is in the film-slide these holes are engaged by means of a reciprocating two-tined fork, carrying small studs or pins which pass into the holes on the opposite edges of the film, in the same way as the sprockets pass into the holes in complainant's machine. As these studs or pins are inserted on the down stroke of the fork and withdrawn on the up stroke, the film is intermittently fed across the field of the lens. These pins or studs do not hold back the film against any forward pull, because there is no forward pull to be resisted; neither an intentional forward pull as found in the Biograph, nor an accidental or occasional forward pull when the film is taut between the film-slide and take-up roll as found in the camera of the patent; when the pins are withdrawn the film lies, inert, in the film side. But the "intermediate section" is moved across the lens just by the interlocking engagement between a sprocket or pin and a hole in the film, thereby moving in positively, regularly, evenly and very rapidly without jarring, jerking, or slipping—the parts being arranged so that the movement shall be intermittent. In our opinion the bifurcated fork with studs is the fair equivalent of the wheel with sprockets, and the combination shown in the Warwick camera is an infringement of claims 1, 2 and 3 of the re-issued patent.
Claim 4 of the re-issue is identical with claim 4 of the original and differs from claim 3 of the original only by the insertion of the words "the periods of rest being greater than the periods of motion." It is obnoxious to the criticisms expressed as to original claim 3 in our former opinion, and for reasons therein expressed must be held void.
The decree of the Circuit Court is reversed, without costs of this appeal to either party and the cause remanded with instructions to enter a decree in accordance with this opinion.