The Tribes of Burma/Bibliographical notes/Central and Southern Chins
THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN CHINS (EXCEPT KAMIS AND MROS).
References :
HUGHES=" The Hill Tracts of Arakan." G. Hughes, Rangoon, 1881.
U. B. GAZETTEER = Condensation of a Report by Captain Rainey, Rangoon, 1890.
HOUGHTON = " Essay on the Language of the Southern Chins and its Affinities/' B. Houghton, Rangoon, 1892. RIGBY=" History of Operations in Northern Arakan and Yawdwin Chin Hills." Captain G. Rigby, Rangoon, 1897. KORPER=" Brief Description of the Po Ko Chin Tract." S. Korper, Rangoon, 1907.
| Serial No. |
Head. | Brief description. | Authority. | Page. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 1 | Present habitat. | Pakôkku Chin Hills and hills to the south. | Rigby ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. |
61 459 |
| 2 | Origin ... | From region of Tibet ... | Houghton ... ... Burma Census Report, 1901, Part I. Thayetmyo District Gazetteer, Rangoon, 1873. |
2,
xi 122 48 |
| 3 | Political and social divisions. | Tribes and clans ... | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Houghton ... ... Burma Census Report, 1891, Vol. I. "Burma." Sir G. Scott, London, 1906, |
359 xii 199 105 |
| 4 | Allied tribes | Northern Chins in north, Kamis and Mros, Taungthas, Chaung-thas | Körper ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Huehes ... ... British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. |
5 459 8, 14 260 |
| 5 | Language and dialects. | Chinbok, etc, Shö or Khyang ; Southern Chin, Yoma Chin. All belonging to the Kuki Chin group of the Tibetn-Burman branch. | Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. III, Part III. Houghton ... Burma Census Report, 1901, Part I. Burma Census Report, 1891, Vol I. |
331 83 162 |
| 6 | Religion | Primitive form of animism. | British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. |
262 460 |
| 7 | Birth ceremonies and infanticide. | Children passed backwards and forwards over khaung pot ; thread tied on hands, etc. | Körper ... ... Houghton ... |
7 xiv |
| 8 | Magic and witchcraft. | Propitiation of nats; use of eggs for propitiation and divination. | Rigby ... ... Hughes ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. |
67 17 460 |
| 9 | Tabu ... | Ceremony of Ya. (Query. Do the Chins observe it as well as Kamis and Mros ?) | British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. | 69 |
| 10 | Initiatory ceremonies. | Cotton string tied on infant. | Houghton ... ... British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. |
xiv 261 |
| 11 | Totems and tribal marks. | Comments on ... | Houghton ... | xiii |
| 12 | Marriage customs and ceremonies | Marriage by purchase. Marriage feasts; payment for bride by instalments ; polygamy, etc. | Rigby ... ... Körper ... ... Hughes ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I. |
68 8 17, 25 467 263 364 |
| 13 | Marital relations. | Divorce, etc. ... | Körper ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. |
8 467 264 |
| 14 | Death and burial ceremonies. | Body usually burnt ; ashes collected and buried under stones; weapons and food placed near grave. | British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. Rigby ... ... Körper ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Hughes ... ... Houghton ... ... |
264 68 6, 8, 9 467 23 xv |
| 15 | Clothing ... | Men—diminutive loin cloth and body covering, varying. Women—generally smock and petticoat (short). | Rigby ... ... Körper ... ... Hughes ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Houghton ... ... British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. |
63, 64 6, 7 12 460 xvii 265 |
| 16 | Personal ornaments. | Hair ornaments, bangles: necklaces, hairpins, feathers, earrings, belts worked with small bells, wrist guards, etc. | Rigby ... ... Korper ... ... |
63 7 |
| 17 | Painting and tattooing. | Laws Women's faces tattooed, lines, dots or without pattern. Breasts sometimes tattooed. | Rigby ... ... Körper ... ... Hughes ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Houghton ... ... British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. |
63, 64 8 13 466 xvii 265 |
| 18 | Games and amusements. | Drinking bouts ; dancing. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Rigby ... ... |
467 71 |
| 19 | War ... | Raids ; collection of raiders ; division of spoil | Rigby ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. |
69, 70, 73 465 |
| 20 | Hunting ... | Driving, pit-falls, poisoning water for fish, etc. Hunting trophies stored in house. Trophy posts. | Rigby ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. |
66, 71 464 |
| 21 | Agriculture ... | Taungya cultivation, millet, rice, etc., grown. | Rigby ... ... Hughes ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. |
66 18 464 |
| 22 | Habitations .. | Wood, bamboo and thatch, more substantial than Burmese. In some cases flat ends ; in some semi-circular porch. | Rigby ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. |
65 465 |
| 23 | Government ... | Authority exercised by Chiefs or headmen, village elders. | Körper ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. |
5 460 |
| 24 | Laws ... | Chin law, Inheritance, property, etc. | Hughes ... ... Customary" Law of the Chins. Tet Pyo, Rangoon, 1884. British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. |
28 264 |
| 25 | Covenants, oaths, ordeals. | Various forms of oaths, none specially binding; water poured over head of tiger, thabye, etc. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. Thayetmyo District Gazetteer, Rangoon, 1873. |
467 265 53 |
| 26 | Crimes ... | Raids for motives of revenge. | Rigby ... ... | 69 |
| 27 | Character ... | Honesty, non-inquisitiveness, drunkenness, blood thirstiness. | Rigby ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. Houghton ... ... British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. |
70, 73 466 xvii 265 |
| 28 | Property ... | See " Laws." | ||
| 29 | Slavery ... | Slaves taken at raids kept or sold. Well treated on the whole. | Rigby ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. |
70 465 |
| 30 | Trade ... | Jungle produce exchanged for salt, gongs, etc. | Körper ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. |
3, 4 464 |
| 31 | Measures and weights. | Grain measures ... | Rigby ... ... | 72 |
| 32 | Mediums of exchange. | Earrings ... ... | Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1908, Vol. X. | 283 |
| 33 | Music and poetry. | Musical instruments, local banjo. | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. | 467 |
| 34 | Arts, e.g., pottery, weaving, dyeing. | Pottery ... ... | Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. | 464 |
| 35 | Weapons and implements. | Bows and arrows, knives, spears; leather or cane-work armour; baskets. | Rigby ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. |
70 462 |
| 36 | Arithmetic ... | Counting by notches in sticks or knots in string. Methods of enumeration employed at Census. |
Rigby ... ... Burma Census Report, 1901, Part, I. |
72 lxxvii |
| 37 | Food, drink, etc. | Khaung, preparation and method of drinking, use of tobacco in pipes. | Rigby ... ... Upper Burma Gazetteer, Vol. I, Part I. British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. Thayetmyo District Gazetteer, Rangoon, 1873. |
71 403, 466 262 50 |
| 38 | Miscellaneous, folklore, etc. | Chin myths ... Po Kos' belief that all mankind came from five eggs. Similar egg origin story |
Houghton ... ... Korper ... ... British Burma Gazetteer, Vol. II. |
xix 6 261 |
| 39 | Anthropome-tric data. | Cephalic index ... 79.8 Facial index ... 121.4 Height standing 158.5 |
Anthropometric data from Burma. B, Gupta, Calcutta, 1906. | 66 |