United States v. Two Hundred Barrels of Whiskey/Opinion of the Court

by Morrison Waite

United States Supreme Court

95 U.S. 571

United States  v.  Two Hundred Barrels of Whiskey

This case presents the question, whether property owned by and found upon the premises of a rectifier or wholesale liquor-dealer can be seized as forfeited to the United States, under sect. 96 of the 'Act imposing taxes on distilled spirits,' &c., passed July 20, 1868, 15 Stat. 164, because such rectifier or wholesale liquor-dealer has knowingly and wilfully neglected, omitted, or refused to cause packages of distilled spirits contain more than twenty gallons each, filled for shipment or sale on his premises, to be gauged, inspected, and stamped, in accordance with the provisions of sect. 25 of the same act.

Sect. 25 provides, that whenever any cask or package of rectified spirits shall be filled for shipment, sale, or delivery on the premises of any rectifier who shall have paid the special tax required by law, it shall be the duty of a United States gauger to gauge and inspect the same, and place thereon an engraved stamp of a particular kind; and whenever any cask or package of distilled spirits shall be filled for the same purpose on the premises of any wholesale liquor-dealer, it shall be the duty of the United States gauger to gauge, inspect, and stamp the same in a like manner.

Sect. 96 provides, 'that if any . . . rectifier or wholesale liquor-dealer . . . shall knowingly and wilfully omit, neglect, or refuse to do, or cause to be done, any of the things required by law to be done in the carrying on or conducting of his business, or shall do any thing by this act prohibited, if there be no specific penalty or punishment imposed by any other section for the neglecting, omitting, or refusing to do, or for the doing or causing to be done, the thing required or prohibited, he shall pay a penalty of $1,000, and . . . all distilled spirits or liquors owned by him, or in which he has any interest as owner, . . . shall be forfeited to the United States.'

Sect. 57 provides, that 'all distilled spirits found, after thirty days from the time this act takes effect, in any cask or package containing five gallons or more, without having thereon each mark and stamp required therefor by this act, shall be forfeited to the United States.'

Sect. 25 does not specifically impose the duty upon the rectifier or wholesale dealer of causing or procuring the filled casks to be gauged, inspected, or stamped. It is made the duty of the gauger to do the gauging, inspecting, and stamping, but not, in terms of the dealer, to cause it to be done. If there were nothing more, it would be clear that any omission of the rectifier or dealer to act in the matter would not be a cause of forfeiture. Sect. 96 was, however, undoubtedly intended to impose upon rectifiers and wholesale liquor-dealers the duty of doing, or causing to be done, every thing pertaining to their respective occupations which was necessary, in order to enable others acting under the law to do what was required of them. If they failed in this, and there was no other penalty provided for the neglect, they were subjected to the provisions of that section. If, however, by any other section a specific duty was imposed on them, which, if performed, would enable the other parties to act in the p oper manner, and a penalty was prescribed for the omission to perform such duty, they were not to be proceeded against under sect. 96. It was not intended by Congress in that section to add to the already-existing penalties for an offence, but to provide for omitted cases only. The object evidently was to so contrive the machinery of the law that when one part was set in motion the rest must follow.

If, then, it is found that by some other section of the act a penalty is imposed upon the rectifier or wholesale dealer, as a consequence of the failure of the gauger to stamp the casks filled on his premises for shipment, sale, or delivery, it may fairly be presumed that this was the penalty he was to suffer for neglecting to procure the stamping to be done; for the gauging and inspecting, under the law, are only preliminary to the stamping. The only neglect he could be charged with under sect. 96 would be a failure to make known at the proper office that there were on his premises packages requiring the action of the gauger, under sect. 25. Now, sect. 57 provides, that if packages of distilled spirits are found on his premises containing five gallons or more each, which do not have upon them each mark or stamp required by the law, they shall be forfeited. This, then, is a specific penalty provided for the failure or procure or cause the stamping to be done on packages of five gallons and upward; and it follows the packages wherever found. The unstamped packages in this case contained each twenty gallons or more.

It has been contended, however, that this special provision of sect. 57 applies only to distilled spirits on hand when the act of 1868 was passed. Such seems to have been the opinion of Judge Ballard, of the Kentucky district, as reported in the case of United States v. Thirty-seven Barrels of Appeal Brandy, 11 Int. Rev. Rec. 136; but since that time, in 1871, Judge Lowell, of the Massachusetts district, has decided the other way. United States v. Ninety-five Barrels of Distilled Spirits, 14 id. 6. Judge Knowles, of the Rhode Island district, afterwards followed this ruling of Judge Lowell. United States v. Thirty-four Barrels Distilled Spirits, 13 id. 188. Other able district judges have decided that sect. 96 did apply to this class of omissions, but it nowhere appears from their opinions that their attention was called to the provision of sect. 57. United States v. One Rectifying Establishment, 11 id. 45, decided in 1869, in the northern district of Mississippi, and United States v. One Hundred and Thirty-three Casks Distilled Spirits, id. 191, decided not long after in the California district. The circuit judge in this case has decided in accordance with the opinions of Judges Lowell and Knowles, and held that sect. 57 did apply. The rulings of two commissioners of internal revenue are to the same effect, one dated Sept. 10, 1869, 10 id. 97, and the other, May 13, 1871, 13 id. 170; and it seems to us that this is the proper construction of the law. It is true that the clause referred to is found in a section of the statute which relates especially to spirits on hand when the law was passed; but it is general in its terms, and broad enough to cover the case. As was well said by Judge Lowell in the case against ninety-five barrels of distilled spirits, 'to limit the meaning will not only require us to read 'act' as if it were 'section,' but to disregard 'each;' because there is but one particular stamp required by this section, and this would naturally be mentioned 'as the stamp required by the section,' or some such expression.' And again, as is also said by the same judge, 'It is proper and usual that the goods which are not stamped should be forfeited, and it is so provided in respect to cigars and tobacco, by sects. 70 and 90; but there is no provision for forfeiting unstamped spirits, unless it be the one in question.'

The rules and regulation which the Commissioner of Internal Revenue is authorized by sect. 2 to prescribe cannot ave the effect of bringing the case under the operation of the penalty provided in sect. 96, if it was already covered by sect. 57. The regulations of the department cannot have the effect of amending the law. They may aid in carrying the law as it exists into execution, but they cannot change its positive provisions.

Decree affirmed.

Notes