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An Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
John Wilkins

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London: Samuel Gellibrand and John Martin, pages Cover–102

3660572An Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical LanguageJohn Wilkins

Monday 13^th. of April 1668.

At a Meeting of the Council of the
Royal Society:

Ordered,

That the Discourse presented to the Royall Society, Entituled, An Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language, be Printed by the Printer to the Royal Society.

BROUNCKER Presi.

An Essay

Towards a

REAL CHARACTER

And a

PHILOSOPHICAL

LANGUAGE.

By John Wilkins D.D. Dean of Ripon,
And Fellow of the ROYAL SOCIETY.

LONDON,

Printed for Sa:Gellibrand, and for
JOHN MARTIN Printer to the ROYAL
SOCIETY, 1668.

To the Right Honourable

WILLIAM

LORD VISCOUNT

BROUNCKER,

PRESIDENT;

Together with the rest of the COUNCIL and FELLOWS of the ROYAL SOCIETY.

My Lord,

NOW at length present to your Lordship those Papers I had drawn up concerning a Real Character, and a Philosophicall Language; which by severall Orders of the Society have been required of Me. I have been the longer about it, partly because it required some considerable time to reduce the Collections I had by me to this purpose, into a tolerable order; and partly because when this work was done in Writing, and the Impression of it well nigh finished, it hapned (amongst many other better things) to be burnt in the late dreadfull Fire; by which, all that was Printed (excepting only two Copies) and a great part of the unprinted Original was destroyed: The repairing of which, hath taken up the greatest part of my time ever since. I mention this by way of Apology for that slackness and delay, I may seem to be guilty of in my obedience to your Orders.

I am not so vain as to think that I have here completely finished this great undertaking, with all the advantages of which such a design capable. Nor on the other hand, am I dissident of this Essay, as not to believe it sufficient for the business to which it pretends, namely the distinct expression of all things and notions that fall under discourse.

I am sensible of sundry defects in the severall parts of this Book: And therefore would make my humble motion to your Lordship and this Society, that you would by your Order appoint some of our number, thoroughly to examine & consider the whole, and to offer their thoughts concerning what they judge fit to be amended in it. Particularly in those Tables that concerne the species of Natural bodies; which, if they were (so far as they are yet known an discovered) distinctly reduced and described, This would very much promote and facilitate the knowledg of Nature, which is one great end of your Institution. And besides, the ranging of these things into such an order as the Society shall approve, would afford a very good method for your Repository, both for the disposal of what you have already, and the supplying of what you want, towards the compleating of that Collection, so generously begun of late, by the bounty of M^r Daniel Collwal, a worthy Member of this Society. And by this means, I should not doubt, but that in a very short space, you would have the most usefull Repository in the World.

It is no easie undertaking to Enumerate all such matters as are to be provided for in such a design; But the business of Defining, being amongst all others the most nice and difficult, must needs render it a very hard task for any one to attempt the doing of this, for all kinde of Things, Notions, and Words, which yet is necessary to the design here proposed.

Upon which account I may be excused for being so sollicitous about the assistance of others in these matters, because of their great difficulty and importance. The compleating of such a design, being rather the work of a College and an Age, then if any single Person: I mean; the combined Studies of many Students, amongst whom, the severall shares of such a Work should be distributed; And that for so long a course of time, wherein sufficient experiments might be made of it by practice.

It has been sayd concerning that famous Italian Academy styled de la Crusca, consisting of many choice Men of great Learning, that they bestowed forty years in finishing their Vocabulary. And 'tis well enough known, that those great Wits of the French Academy, did begin their Dictionary in the year 1639. And for the hastning of the Work, did distribute the parts of it amongst severall Committees; and yet that undertaking is (for ought I can understand) far enough from being finished.

Now if those famous Assemblies consisting of the great Wits of their Age and Nations, did judge this Work of Dictionary-making, for the polishing of their Language, worthy of their united labour and studies; Certainly then, the Design here proposed, ought not to be thought unworthy of such assistance; it being as much to be preferred before that, as things are better then words, as real knowledge is beyond elegancy of speech, as the general good of mankind is beyond that of any particular Countrey or Nation.

I am very sensible that the most usefull inventions do at their first appearance, make but a very slow progress in the World, unless helped forward by some particular ad-- vantage. Logarithms were an Invention of excellent Arts and usefulness; And yet it was a considerable time, before the Leaned Men in other parts, did so farr take notice of them, as to bring them into use. The Art of Shorthand, is in its kind an Ingenuous device, and of considerable usefullness, applicable to any Language, much wondered at by Travailers, that have seen the experience of it in England: And yet though it be above Three-score years, since it was first Invented, 'tis not to this day (for ought I can learn) brought into common practice in any other Nation. And there is reason enough to expect the like Fate for the design here proposed.

The only expedient I can think of against it, is, That it be sent abroad into the World, with the reputation of having bin considered and approved of, by such a Society as this; which may provoke at least, the Learned part of the World, to take notice of it, and to give it such encouragement, as it shall appear to deserve.

And if upon such an amendment and recommendation by this Society, the design here proposed, should happen to come into common use, It would requite the Honour you bestow upon it, with abundant Interest. The being Instrumental in any such discovery as does tend to the Universal good of Mankind, being sufficient not only to make the Authors of it famous, but also the Times and Places wherein they live.

He that knows how to estimate, that judgment inflicted on Mankind in the Curse of the Confusion, with all the unhappy consequences of it, may thereby judge, what great advantage and benefit there will be, in a remedy against it. Men are content to bestow much time and pains in the Study of Languages, in order to their more easy conversing with those of other Nations. 'Tis said of Mithridates King of Pontus, that he was skilled in Two and twenty several Tongues, which were spoken in the several Provinces under his Dominion: Which, tho it were a very extraordinary attainment, yet how short a remedy was it against the Curse of the Confusion, considering the vast multitude of Languages that are in the World.

Besides that most obvious advantage which would ensue, of facilitating mutual Commerce, amongst the several Nations of the World, and the improving of all Natural knowledge; It would likewise very much conduce to the spreading of the knowledge of Religion. Next to the Gift of Miracles, and particularly that of Tongues, powred out upon the Apostles in the first planting of Christianity, There is nothing that can more effectually conduce to further accomplishment of those Promises, which concern the diffusion of it, through all Nations, then the design which is here proposed.

To which it will be proper for me to add, That this design will likewise contribute much to the clearing of some of our Modern differences in Religion, by unmasking many wild errors, that shelter themselves under the disguise of affected phrases; which being Philosophically unfolded, and rendered according to the genuine and natural importance of Words, which appear to be inconsistencies and contradictions. And several of those pretended, mysterious, profound notions, expressed in great swelling words, whereby some men set up for reputation, being this way examined, will appear to be, either nonsence, or very flat and jejune.

And tho it should be of no other use but this, yet were it in these days well worth a mans pains and study, considering the Common mischief that is done, and the many impostures and cheats that are put upon men, under the disguise of affected insignificant Phrases.

But what ever may be the issue of this attempt, as to the establishing of a real Character, and the bringing of it into Common use, amongst several Nations of the world (of which I have but very slender expectations;) yet this I shall assert with greater confidence, That the reducing of all things and notions, to such kind of Tables, as are here proposed (were it as compleatly done as it might be) would prove the shortest and plainest way for the attainment of real Knowledge, that hath been yet offered to the World. And I shall add further, that these very Tables (as now they are) do seem to me a much better and readier course, for the entring and training up of men in the knowledge of things, then any other way of institution that I know of; which I should not presume to assert, before such able Judges as those of this Society, were it not a thing I had well considered and were convinced of.

I have nothing further to add, but only the declaring myself to be most Zealously devoted to the Honour and Welfare of the Royal Society,

And particularly (My Lord,)

Your Lordships most

Humble Servant,

Jo. VVilkins

TO THE

READER.

It may perhaps be expected by some, that I should give an account of my ingaging in a Work of this nature so unsuitable to my Calling and Eusiness.

For the satisfaction of such, they may please to take notice, that this Work was first undertaken, during that vacancy and leasure which I formerly enjoyed in an Academicall station, to which the endeavours of promoting all kind of usefull knowledge, whereby Leaning may be improved, is a very suitable imployment. In the time of that daily and intimate converse which I then injoyed, with that most Learned and excellent Person Dr. Seth Ward, the present Bishop of Salisbury. I had frequent occasion of conferring with him, concerning the various Desiderata, proposed by Learned men, or such things as were conceived yet wanting to the advancement of several parts of Leaning; amongst which, this of the Universal Character, was one of the principal, most of which he had more deeply considered, than any other Person that I knew. And in reference to this particular, he would say, That as it was one of the most usefull, so he judged it to be one of the most feasible, amongst all the rest, if prosecuted in a regular way. But for all such attemps to this purpose, which he had either seen of heard of, the Authors of them did generally mistake in their first foundations; whilst they did propose to themselves the framing of such a Character, from a Dictionary of Words, according to some particular Language, without reference to the nature of things, and that common Notion of them, wherein Mankind does agree, which must chiefly be respected, before any attempt of this nature could signifie any thing, as to the main end of it.

It was from this suggestion of his, that I first had any distinct apprehension of the proper course to be observed, in such an undertaking; having in a Treatise I had published some years before, proposed the Hebrew Tongue as consisting of fewest Radicals, to be the fittest ground work for such a design.

Besides the many Private conferences to this purpose, I must not forget to mention, that Publique account which he hath given to the World, of his thoughts upon this subject, in that Learned and Ingenious discourse styled Vindiciæ Academiarum; wherein he endeavours to Vindicate those Ancient and famous Schools of Leaning, from such reproaches, whereby some Ignorant and ill-natured men (taking the advantage of those bad Times) would have exposed them to contempt and ruine. In which Treatise there is mention made of some considerable preparations, towards the Design here proposed, which if his other necessary imployments would have permitted him to have prosecuted, would without doubt, long ere this, have been advanced to as great a Perfection, as the first Essay of so difficult a matter could have attained.

It was some considerable time after this, before I had any thought of attempting any thing in this kind: The first occasion of it was, from a desire I had, to give some assistance to another person, who was willing to ingage in this design of framing a real Character, from the Natural notion of things; for the helping of whom in so worthy an undertaking, I did offer to draw up for him, the Tables of Substance, or the species of Natural Bodies, reduced under their several Heads; which I did accordingly perform, much after the same Method, as they are hereafter set down: Though in the doing of it, I found much more labour and difficulty, then I expected, when I undertook it. But he for whom I had done this, not liking this method, as being of too great a Compass, conceiving that he could sufficiently provide for all the chief Radicals, in a much briefer and more easy way, did not think fit to make use of these Tables. Upon which, being my self convinced, That this which I had begun, was the only course for the effecting of such a work, and being withal unwilling to loose so much pains as I had already taken towards it, I resolved (as my leasure would permit) to go on with the other Tables of Accidents. And when after many reviews and changes I had reduced (as well as I could) into these Tables, all simple things and notions, by a Consideration of them à Priori, I then judged it necessary to attempt the reduction of all other Words in the Dictionary to these Tables; either as they were Synonymous to them, or to be defined by them, which would be a means to try the fulness of these Tables, and consequently to supply their defects; and besides a great help to Learners, who without such a direction, might not perhaps at first be able to find out the true place and notion of many Words.

For the farther compleating of this Work, I found it necessary to take into consideration, the framing of such a Natural Grammar, as might be suited to the Philosophy of Speech, abstracting from those many unnecessary rules belonging to instituted Language; which proved a matter of no small difficulty, considering the little help to be had for it, from those few Authors who had before undertaken to do any thing in this kind.

In the doing of these things, I have not neglected any help that I could procure from others, and must acknowledge my self much ingaged to sundry Learned Men of my acquaintance, for their directions, and furtherance of such matters, as were most suitable to their several Studies and Professions.

Amongst the rest, I must not forget to make particular mentions of the special assistance I have received, in drawing up the Tables of Animals from that most Learned and Inquisitive Gentleman, a worthy Member of the Royal Society, Mr. Francis Willoughby, who hath made it his particular business, in his late Travails through the most considerable parts of Europe, to inquire after and understand the several species of Animals, and by his own Observations is able to advance that part of Learning, and to add many things, to what hath been formerly done, by the most Learned Authors in this kind.

And as for those most difficult Tables of Plants, I have received the like assistance, from one of his Companions in Travail, Mr. John Wray, Late Fellow of Trinity Colledge in Cambridge, who besides his other general Knowledge, hath with great success applyed himself to the Cultivating of that part of Learning.

And as for the principal difficulties, which I met with in any other part of this Work, I must acknowledge my self obliged to the continual assistance I have had, from my most Learned and worthy Friend, Dr. William Lloyd, then whom (so far as I am able to judge,) this Nation could not have afforded a fitter Person, either for that great Industry, or Accurate judgment, both in Philological, and Philosophical matters, required to such a Work. And particularly I must wholy ascribe to him that tedious and difficult task, of suting the Tables to the Dictionary, and the drawing up of the Dictionary it self, which upon tryal, I doubt not, will be found to be the most perfect, that was ever yet made for the English Tongue.

And here I think it prpoer to give notice that there are several Words mentioned in the Dictionary, and frequently used amongst some Authors, which are yet very questionable as to their fitness and propriety: Each of these were in the Original Coppy marked wth an Asterisk, for the better distinction of them; but by some oversight, these marks have been omitted in the Impression.

If any shall suggest, that some of the Enquiries here insisted upon (as particularly) those about the Letters of the Alphabet) do seem too minute and trivial, for any prudent Man to bestow his serious thoughts and time about. Such Persons may know, that the discovery of the true nature and Cause of any the most minute thing, doth promote real Knowledge, and therefore cannot be unfit for any Mans endeavours, who is willing to contribute to the advancement of Learning. Upon which Account some of the most eminent Persons, in several Ages, who were Men of business, have not disdained to bestow their pains about the First Elements of Speech.

Julius Cæsar, is said to have written a Book de Analogia. And the Emperour Charles the Great, to have made a Grammar of his vulgar Tongue. So did St. Basil for the Greek; and St. Austin for the Latin, both extant in their Works.

Besides divers of great reputation both Ancient and Modern, who have Written whole Books on purpose, concerning the just Number of the Letters in the Alphabet; Others have applyed their disquisitions to some particular Letters: Messala Corvinus, a Great Man, and a famous Orator amongst the Romans, Writ a Book concerning the Letter S. Adamantius Martyr, was the Author of another Book, concerning the Letters V. and B. Our Learned Gataker has Published a Book concerning Dipthongs. And Jovianus Pontanus esteemed a Learned Man has Two Books de Adspiratione, or the Letter H. Mr. Franklyn hath published a particular Discourse concerning Accents, And Erycius Puteanus hath Written a Book purposely, de Inter punctione, of the true way of Pointing Clauses and Sentences. And these Generally well esteemed for their great usefulness in the Promoting of Learning: Which may be a sufficient Vindication against any Prejudices of this Nature.

THE

CONTENTS.

The First Part Containing the Prolegomena.
CHAPTER, I.
I.	THE Introduction.II. The Original of Languages.III. The First Mother Tongues.IV. Their several Offsprings.	Page; 1
CHAP. II.
I.	Concerning the various Changes and Corruptions, to which all vulgar Languages are obnoxious.II. Particularly concerning the Change of the English Tongue.III. Whether any Language formerly in use, be now wholly lost. IV. Concerning the first rise and occasion of New Languages.	pag. 6
CHAP. III.
I.	The Original of Letters and Writing.II. That all Letters were derived from the Hebrew.III. The use of Letters is less Antient, and the Kinds of them less numerous, than of Languages themselves. IV. Of Notes for secrecy or brevity.V. Of a Real Character.VI. Of Alphabets in General.	pag. 10
CHAP. IV.
I.	Of the defects in Common Alphabets, as to the true Order of the Letters,II. Their just number,III. Determinate Powers,V. Fitting names,V. Proper Figures,VI. Of the Imperfections belonging to the Words of Languages, as to their Equivocalness, Variety of Synonymous Words, Uncertain Phraseologies, Improper way of Writing.	pag. 14
CHAP. V.
I.	That neither Letters nor Languages, have been regularly established by the Rules of Art.II. The Natural ground or Principle of the several ways of Communication amongst Men.III. The first thing to be provided for, in the establishing of a Philosophical Character or Language, is a just enumeration of all such Things and Notions, to which Names are to be assigned.	pag. 19
The Second Part Containing Universal Philosophy.
CHAPTER. I.
I.	THE Scheme of Genus's.II. Concerning the more General Notions of Things, The difficulty of Establishing these aright.III. Of Transcendentals General.IV. Of Transcendentals Mixed.
V.	Of Transcendental Relations of Action.VI. Of the several Notions belonging to Grammar, or Logic.	Page, 22
CHAP. II.
I.	Concerning God.II. Of the several Things and Notions reducible under that Collective Genus of the World.	pag 51
CHAP. III.
I.	Of Elements and Meteors.II. Of Stones.III. Of Metals.	pag.56
CHAP. IV.
I.	Of Plants, The difficulty of enumerating and describing these.II. The more general distribution of them.III. Of Herbs considered according to their Leaves.IV. Of Herbs considered according to their Flowers.V. Of Herbs considered according to their Seed Vessels.VI. Of Shrubs.VII. Of Trees.	pag.67
CHAP. V.
I.	Concerning Animals, The General distribution of them.II. Of Exanguious Animals.III. Of Fishes.IV. Of Birds.V. Of Beasts.VI. A Digression concerning the capacity of Noah's Ark.	pag.121
CHAP. VI.
I.	Of Parts of Animate Bodies, whether I. Peculiar, or II. General.	pag.168
CHAP. VII.
I.	Concerning the Predicament of Quantitie.I. Of Magnitude.II. Of Space.III. Of Measure.	pag.181
CHAP. VIII.
Concerning the Predicament of Quality, and the several Genus's belonging to it.I. Of Natural Power.II. Of Habit.III. Of Manners.IV. Of Sensible Quality.V. Of Disease; with the various differences and species under each of these.		pag.194
CHAP. IX.
Of the Predicament of Action; The several Genus's under it. viz. I. Spiritual Action.II. Corporeal Action.III. Motion.IV. Operation.		p.225
CHAP. X.
Concerning Relation more private, namely I. Oeconomical, or Family Relation; together with the several kinds of things belonging to those in that capacity, either as II. Possessions, or III. Provisions.		pag.249
CHAP. XI.
Concerning Relation more Publike, whether I. Civil.II. Judiciary.III. Naval.IV. Military.V. Ecclesiastical.		pag.263
CHAP. XII.
I.	A General Explication of the design of the fore-going Tables.II. Particular Instances in the six principal Genus's of it.III. Something to be noted concerning Opposites and Synonyma's.IV. An Account of what kind of things ought not to be provided for in such Tables.	p.289
The Third Part Containing Philosophical Grammar.
CHAPTER. I.
I.	COncerning the several Kinds and Parts of Grammar.II. Of Etymologie, The more general Scheme of Integrals and Particles.III. Of Nouns in General.IV. Of Substantives common, denoting either Things, Actions, or Persons.V. Rules concerning Nouns of Action.VI. Of Substantives Abstracts.VII. Of Adjectives according to the true Philosophical notion of them.VIII. The true notion of a Verb.IX. Of derived Adverbs.X. A general Scheme of the forementioned Derivations.	page, 297
CHAP. II.
I.	Of Particles in General.II. Of the Copula.III. Of Pronouns more generally.IV. More particularly.V. Of Interjections more generally.VI. More particularly.	p.304
CHAP. III.
I.	Of Prepositions in general.II. The particular kinds of them enumerated.III. An Explication of the four last Combinations of them, relating to Place or Time.	p.309
CHAP. IV.
I.	Of Adverbs in General.II. The particular kinds of them.III. Of Conjunctions.	p.312
CHAP. V.
I.	Of Articles.II. Of Modes.III. Of Tenses.IV. The most distinct way of expressing the differences of Time.	p.315
CHAP. VI.
I.	Of Transcendental particles, The end and use of them.II. The usual ways for inlarging the sense of Words in instituted Languages.III. The general Heads of Transcendental Particles.	p.318
CHAP. VII.
Instances of the great usefullness of these Transcendental Particles, with directions how they are to be applyed.		p.323
CHAP. VIII.
Of the Accidental differences of Words.I. Inflexion.II. Derivations.III. Composition.		p.352
CHAP. IX.
Of the second part of Grammar called Syntax.		p.354
CHAP. X.
Of Orthography.I. Concerning Letters. The Authors who have treated of this Subject.II. A brief Table of all such kinds of Simple sound, which can be framed by the mouths of Men.III. A further Explication of this Table, as to the Organs of Speech, and as to the Letters framed by these Organs.		p.357
CHAP. XI.
Of Vowels.		p.363
CHAP. XII.
Of Consonants.		p.366
CHAP. XIII.
Of Compound Vowels, and Consonants.		p.370
CHAP. XIV.
I.	Of the Accidents of Letters, I. Their Names. II. Their Order. III. Affinities and Oppositions. IV. Their Figures, with a twofold Instance of a more regular Character for the Letters, The later of which may be styled Natural. V. of Pronunciation. VI. The several Letters dis-used by several Nations.	p.347
The Fourth Part Containing a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language.
CHAPTER. I.
The proposal of one kind of Real Character (amongst many other which might be offered) both for all Integrals, whether Genus's, Differences or Species; together with the derivations and Inflexions belonging to them, as likewise for all the several kinds of Particles.		page,385
CHAP. II.
An Instance of this Real Character, in the Lord's Prayer and the Creed.		p.395
CHAP. III.
How this Real Character may be made effable in a distinct Language, and what kind of Letters or Syllables may be conveniently assigned to each Character.		p.414
CHAP. IV.
Instance of this Philosohical Language, both in the Lord's Prayer and the Creed: A comparison of the Language here proposed, with fifty others, as to the facility and Euphonicalness of it.		p.421
CHAP. V.
Directions for the more easy learning of this Character and Language, with a brief Table containing the Radicals, both Integrals and Particles; together with the Character and Language, by which each of them are to be expressed		p.439
CHAP. VI.
The Appendix containing a Comparison betwixt this Natural Philosophical Grammar and that of other Instituted Languages, particularly the Latin, in respect of the multitude of unnecessary Rules and of Anomalisms, concerning the China character: The several Attemps and Proposals made by others, towards and new kind of Character and Language. The advantage in respect of facility, which this Philosophical Language hath above the Latin.		p.441

ERRATA.

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In the MARGIN

PAge70.Read Museus. p.72. Oryza. p.76. Petasites. p.86. Conyza. p.89. Perfoliata. Eryngium. Sphoudylium. p.90. Charephyllon. p.91. Thysselinum. Chamadrys. p.92. Chamæpitis. p.93. Stachis. Bugulæ. p.95. Caryophyllata. p.99. Scorpioides. Bupleurifolio. p.102. Caryophyllus. Ascyrum. p.103. Chamadrys. p.104. Viola. Hyoscyamus. p.106. Ebælus. p.107. Grossulariæ. p.108.Mahæleb. p.109. Philyrheæ. Pyracantha. Thymelæa. p.115. Laurocerasus. p.116 Pistacia. Corylus. p.123. Proscarabæus. p.142. Leuciscus. p.148. Ruffa. Corylorum. p.150. Alaudæ. Cenchramus. p.152. Troglodytes. p.153. Gaxellæs.

CHAP. I.

I. The Introduction.II. The Original of Languages.III. The first Mother-tongues.IV. Their several Off-springs.

§. I.N the handling of that subject, I have here proposed to treat of, I shall digest the things which to me seem most proper and material to be said upon this occasion, into four parts; according to this following Method.

In the first Part I shall premise some things as Præcognita, concerning such Tongues and Letters as are already in being, particularly concerning those various defects and imperfections in them, which ought to be supplyed and provided against, in any such Language or Character, as is to be invented according to the rules of Art.

The second Part shall contein that which is the great foundation of the thing here designed, namely a regular enumeration and description of all those things and notions, to which marks or names ought to be assigned according to their respective natures, which may be styled the Scientifical Part, comprehending Universal Philosophy. It being the proper end and design of the several branches of Philosophy to reduce all things and notions unto such a frame, as may express their natural order, dependence, and relations.

The third Part shall treat concerning such helps and Instruments, as are requisite for the framing of these more simple notions into continued Speech or Discourse, which may therefore be stiled the Organical or Instrumental Part, and doth comprehend the Art of Natural of Philosophical Grammar.

In the fourth Part I shall shew how these more generall Rules may be applyed to particular kinds of Characters, and Languages, giving an instance of each. To which shall be adjoyned by way of Appendix, a Discourse showing the advantage of such a kind of Philosophical Character and Language, above any of those which are now known, more particularly above that which is most general use in these parts of the World; namely, the Latine.

Lastly, There shall be added a Dictionary of the English tongue, in which shall be shown how all the words of this Language, according to the various equivocal senses of them, may be sufficiently expressed by the Philosophical Tables here proposed.

I begin with the first of these.

§. II.The design of this Treatise being an attempt towards a new kind of Character and Language, it cannot therefore be improper to premise somewhat concerning those already in being; the first Original of them, their several kinds, the various changes and corruptions to which they are lyable, together with the manifold defects belonging to them. This I shall endeavour to do in the former part of this Discourse.

There is scarce any subject that hath been more throughly scanned and debated amongst Learned men, than the Original of Languages and Letters. ’Tis evident enough that no one Language is natural to mankind, because the knowledge which is natural would generally remain amongst men, notwithstanding the superinduction of any other particular Tongue, wherein they might be by Art. Nor is it much to be wondred at, that the ancient Heathen, who knew nothing of Scripture-revelation, should be inclined to believe, that either Men and Languages were eternal or, that if there were any particular time when men did spring out of the Earth, and after inhabit alone and dispersedly in Woods and Caves, they had at first no Articulate voice, but only such rude sounds as Beasts have; till afterwards particular Families increasing, or several Families joyning together for mutual safety and defence, under Government and Societies, they began by degrees and long practice to consent in certain Articulate sounds, whereby to communicate their thoughts, which in several Countries made several Languages, according to that in the Poet,

Horat. lib. i. Sat. 3.

Cum prorepserunt primis animalia terris,
Mutum & turpe pecus, glandem atque cubilia propter
Unguibus & pugnis, deinfustibus, atque ita porro
Pugnabant armis, quæ post fabricaverat usus,
Donec verba quibus voces sensusque notarent
Nominaque invenêre; dehinc absistere bello,
Oppida cæperunt munire, & ponere leges,
Ne quis fur esset, neu latro, neu quis adulter, &c.

But to us, who have the revelation of Scripture, these kind of scruples and conjectures are sufficiently states. And 'tis evident enough that the first Language was con-created with our first Parents, they immediately understanding the voice of God speaking to them in the Garden. And how Languages came to be multiplyed, is likewise manifested in the Gen. ii. i, 6.Story of the Confusion of Babel. How many Languages, and which they were that sprang up at that Confusion, is altogether uncertain; whether many of them that were then in being, be not now wholly lost; and many others, which had not the same original, have not since arisen in the World, is not (I think) to be doubted.

The most received Conjecture is, that the Languages of the Confusion were according to the several Families from Noah, which were 70 or 72 though there be very strong probabilities to prove that they were not so many, and that the first Dispersion did not divide mankind into so many Colonies. But now the several Languages that are used in the world do farre exceed this number. Nat. Hist. lib. 6. cap. 5. Strabo, lib. II.Pliny and Strabo do both make mention of a great Mart-Town in Colchos named Diosouria, to which men of three hundred Nations, and of so many several Languages were wont to resort for Trading. Which, considering the narrow compass of Traffick before the invention of the magnetic Needle, must needs be but a small proportion, in comparison to those many of the remoter and unknown parts of the world.

Mr. Cambden's Remains.Some of the American Histories relate, that in every fourscore miles of that vast Country, and almost in every particular valley of Peru, the Inhabitants have a distinct Language. Purchas Pilg. lib. 8. sect. 4. chap. I.And one who for several years travelled the Northern parts of America about Florida, and could speak six several Languages of those people, doth affirm, that he found, upon his enquiry and converse with them, more than a thousand different Languages amongst them.

§. III.As for those Languages which seem to have no derivation from, or dependance upon, or affinity with one another, they are styled Linguæ matrices, or Mother-tongues. Diatribe de Europæorum linguis.Of these Joseph Scaliger affirms there are eleven, and not more, used in Europe; whereof four are of more general and large extent, and the other seven of a narrower compass and use. Of the more general Tongues:

Brerewood's Enquiries, chap. I.I. The Greek was anciently of very great extent, not onely in Europe, but in Asia too, and Afric, where several Colonies of that Nation were planted; by which dispersion and mixture with other people it did degenerate into several Dialects. Besides those four that are commonly noted, the Doric, Ionic, Æolic, Attic , Herodotus doth mention four several Dialects of the Ionic. The inhabitants of Rhodes, Cyprus, Crete, had each of them some peculiarity in their Language. And the present Coptic or Ægyptian seems, both from the words and the character, to be a branch of this family, and was probably spred amongst that people in the days of Alexander the Great, upon his conquering of them: Though some conceive that there were at least 30000 families of Greeks planted in that Country long before his time.

2. The Latin, though this be much of it a derivation from the Greek, (of which the now French, Spanish, and Italian are several off-springs and derivations) had anciently four several Dialects, as De honesta disciplina, lib. 3. cap. 3.Petrus Crinitus shews out of Varro.

3. The Teutonic or German is now distinguished into Upper and Lower. Versteg(illegible text) chap. 7.The Upper hath two notable Dialects. I. the Danish, Scandian, or perhaps the Gothic, to which belongs the Languages used in Denmark, Norway, Swedeland, and Island. 2. The Saxon, to which appertain the several Languages of the English, the Scots, the Frisians, and those on the North of Elve.

4. The Slavonic is extended, though with some variation, through many large Territories, Muscovia, Russia, Poland, Bohemia, Gesner. Mithridates, cap. 21.Vandelia, Croatia, Lithuania, Dalmatia; and is said to be the vulgar Language used amongst 60 several Nations.

The Languages of a lesser extent are, 1. The Albanese, or old Epirotic, now used in the mountainous parts of Epirus.

2. The Europæan Tartar, or Scythian, from which some conceive our Irish to have had its original. As for the Turkish Tongue, that is originally no other but the Asiatic Tartar, mixed with Armenian and Persian, some Greek, and much Arabic.

3. The Hungarian used in the greatest part of that Kingdom.

4. The Finnic, used in Finland and Lapland.

5. The Cantabrian, used amongst the Biscainers, who live near the Ocean on the Pyrene hills, bordering both upon France and Spain.

6. The Irish, in Ireland, and from thence brought over into some parts of Scotland. Though Mr. Camden would have this to be a derivation from the Welsh.

7. The old Gaulish or British, which is yet preserved in Wales, Cornwall, and Britain in France

Enquiries, chap. 4.To this number Mr. Brerewood both add four others, viz.

1. The Arabic, now used in the steep mountains of Granata; which yet is a Dialect from the Hebrew, and not a Mother-tongue.

2. The Cauchian, in East-Friseland.

3. The Illyrian, in the lsle of Veggia.

4. The Jazygian, on the North side of Hungary.

§. IV.Besides this difference of Languages in their first derivation, every particular Tongue hath its several Dialects. Though Judæa were a region of а very narrow compass, yet was it not without its varieties of this kind: witness the story concerning Judges 12.
Judges 18. 3.
Matth. 26. 73.Shibboleth and Sibboleth; and that of the Levite, who was discovered by his manner of speech; and S. Peter's being known for a Galilæan. ’Tis so generally in other Countries, and particularly with us in England, where the Northern and Western inhabitants do observe a different dialect from other parts of the Nation, as may appear from that particular instance mentioned by Verstegan. Whereas the inhabitants about London would say, I would eat more cheese if I had it. A Northern man would speak it thus, Ay sud eat mare cheese gyn ay had et. And a Western man thus, Chud eat more cheese an chad it.

Every one of these reputed Mother-tongues, except the Arabic, (and perhaps the Hungarian) was used in Europe during the time of the Roman Empire. But whether they were all of them so ancient as the Confusion of Babel, doth not appear; there wants not good probability to the contrary for some of them.

Georg. Hornii Epist. in Boxhornii Origines Gallic.It hath been the opinion of some, particularly Boxhornius, that the Scythian Tongue was the common mother from which both the Greek, Latin, German and Persian were derived, as so many Dialects; and 'tis said that Salmasius did incline to the same judgment. And Philip Cluverius conjectures, that both Germans, Gauls, Spaniards, Britans, Swedes and Norwegians, did anciently use one and the same Language. One principal argument used for this is, the agreement of those remote Nations in some radical words. Joseph Scaliger observes that the words, Father, Mother, Brother, Bond, &c. are used in the Persian tongue, with some little variety, in the same sense and signification as they are used with us. In Epist.And Busbequius relates, that the inhabitants of Taurica Chersonesus have divers words in the same sense common with us, as Wine, Silver, Corn, Salt, Fish, Apple, &c. But this might be merely casual, ог else occasioned by a mixture of Colonies, and will not argue a derivation of one from another. Boxhorn. Origin. Gallic. cap. 6. & 8.So there are several words common to the Turks, Germans, Greeks, French, sometimes of the same, and sometimes of several significations; which is not sufficient to argue that all these were of the same Original.

Besides these European, there is likewise great variety of Languages in other parts of the world. As for the Hebrew Tongue, which is by many learned men supposed to be the same that Abraham learnt when he came into Canaan, to which that expression Isai.19.18. The language of Canaan, is thought to allude; this is supposed to be the first Mother tongue amongst all those that are now known in the world, from which there are sundry derivations, as the Chaldee, Syriac, Punic, Arabic, Persian, Æthiopic.

Brerewood's Enquiries, chap. 9.When the Jews were in Captivity at Babylon, mixed with the Chaldeans for 70 years, in that tract of time they made up a Language distinct from both, which is sometimes called Syriac, and sometimes Chaldee, and sometimes Hebrew. Those passages in the Gospel, which are said to be in the Hebrew tongue, as John 5.2 & John 19.13, 17.
Acts 21.40.
Bochart. Geog. l. 1. cap. 15.Talitha Kumi, Elohi, Elohi, Lamma sabachthani, are properly Syriac; onely they are called Hebrew, because that was the Language which the Hebrews then used. A great part of this Syriac tongue is for the substance of the words Chaldee, and Hebrew for thefashion, so degenerating much from both. After the Captivity the pure Hebrew ceased to be vulgar, remaining onely amongst learned men, as appears by that place in Nehem.8.7,8. where we find the Priests, upon reading of the Law to the people after their coming out of Babylon, were fain to expound it distinctly to them, and to make them understand the meaning оf it; the common people, by long disuse, being grown strangers to the Language wherein ’twas written. So in our Saviour's time, the unlearned Jews, whose vulgar Tongue the Syriac was, could not understand those parts of Moses and the Prophets read to them in Hebrew every Sabbath-day. Which was the reason of those public speeches and declarations of any learned men, who occasionally came into the Synagogues, after the reading of the Law: Luke 4.15,16.
Acts 13.13though neither Priests, nor Levites, nor Scribes, yet was it ordinary for them to expound unto the people the meaning of those portions of Scripture that were appointed to be read out of the Hebrew, which the people did not understand; and to render their meaning in Syriac, which was their vulgar Tongue.

As for so much of the pure Hebrew as is now in being, which is onely that in the old Testament, though it be sufficient to express what is there intended, yet it is so exceedingly defective in many other words requisite to humane discourse, that the Rabbins are fain to borrow words from many other Languages, Greek, Latin, Spanish, &c. as may appear at large in Buxtorf’s Lexicon Rabbinicum, and a particular Discourse written to this very purpose by David Cohen de Lara. And, from the several defects and imperfections which seem to be in this Language, it may be guessed not to be the same which was con-created with our first Parents, and spoken by Adam in Paradise.

What other varieties of Tongues there have been, or are, in Asia, Afric, or America, I shall not now enquire.

CHAP. II.

I. Concerning the various changes and corruptions to which all vulgar Languages are obnoxious.II. Particularly concerning the changes of the English tongue.III. Whether any Language, formerly in use, be now wholly lost.IV. Concerning the first rise and occasion of new Languages.

§. I.THere are three Queres which may deserve some farther disquisition.1. Whether the purest of those Mother-tongues, which yet remain, be not now much changed from what they were at the first Confusion.2. Whether and how any of the Mother-tongues have been quite lost since the Confusion.3. Whether and how other new Languages have since arisen in the world.

I. To the first, Besides the common fate and corruption to which Languages as well as all other humane things are subject, there are many other particular causes which may occasion such a change: The mixture with other Nations in Commerce; Marriages in Regal Families, which doth usually bring some common words into a Court fashion; that affectation incident to some eminent men in all ages, of coining new words, and altering the common forms of speech, for greater elegance; the necessity of making other words, according as new things and inventions are discovered. Besides, the Laws of forein Conquests usually extend to Letters and Speech as well as Territories, the Victor commonly endeavouring to propagate his own Language as farre as his Dominions; which is the reason why the Greek and Latin are so universally known. And when a Nation is overspread with several Colonies of foreiners, though this do not alwaies prevail to abolish the former Language, yet if they make any long abode, this must needs make such a considerable change and mixture of speech as will very much alter it from its original Purity.

Those learned Languages which have now ceased to be vulgar, and remain onely in Books, by which the purity of them is regulated, may, whilst those Books are extant and studied, continue the same without change. But all Languages that are vulgar, as those learned ones formerly were, are upon the fore-mentioned occasions, subject to so many alterations, that in tract of time they will appear to be quite another thing then what they were at first.

Brerewood's Enquiries, chap. 2. & 6.The Liturgies of S. Basil and S. Chrysostom, which are yet used in the Greek Churches in their publick worship, the one for ssolemn, the other for common days, have been a long time unintelligible to that people; so much is the vulgar Greek degenerated from its former purity.

Histor. lib. 3.And Polibius testifies, that the Articles of truce betwixt the Romans and Carthaginians could scarce be understood by the most learned Roman Antiquaries 350 years after the time of their making.

§. II.Alex. Gill Logonom. Anglican. Preface.If any English man should now write or speak as our forefathers did about six or seven hundred years past, we should as little understand him as if he were a foreiner; of which it were easie to give several proofs by instance, if it were not inconsistent with my present design of brevity.

What the Saxons Language was at their first arrival into England about the year 440, doth not appear; but ’tis most probable that the changes and differences of it, have been somewhat proportionable in several Ages.

About the year of Christ 700 the Lord’s Prayer in English was thus rendred:

Uren fader thic arth in heofnas, sic gehalgud thin noma: to cymeth thin ric: sin thin willa sue is in heofnas and in eortho. Uren hlaf ofer wirthic sel us to daeg; and forget us scylda urna, sue we forgefen scyldgum urum; and no inlead usith in custnung. Ah gefrig urich from ifle. Amen.

About 200 years after, it was changed thus :

Thu ure fader the eath on heofenum. Si thin nama gehalgod. Cum thin ric. Si thin willa on eorthen swa, swa on heofenum. Sylo us to dægurn dægthanlican hlaf. And forgif us ure gyltas swa, swa we forgifath tham the with us agyltath. And ne led the us on sostnung. Ac alys us from yfle. Si it swa.

About the same time it was rendred in the Saxon Gospels, said to be Translated by King Alfred, after this manner.

Fæder ure thu the earth on heofenum, si thin nama Gehalgod to be cume thin Rice, Gewurthe thin Willa on eorthan swa swa on heofnum, urne ge dæghwanlican hlaf syle us to dæg. And forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we forgivath urum gyltendum. And ne gelædde thu us on costnung. Ac Alyse us of yfle.

About 260 years after, in the time of King Henry the a^d, it was rendred thus, and sent over by Pope Adrian, an English-man, turned into meter, that the people might more easily learn and remember it.

Ure fadyr in heaven rich;
Thy name be hallyed eber isch,
Thou bring us thy michell blisse:
Als hit in heaven y-doe,
Char in yearth beene it also.
That holy bread that lasseth ay,
Thou send it ous this like day,
Forgive aus all that ive have don,
As we forgivet uch other mon:
De let ous fall into no founding,
Ac shield ous fro the fowle thing. Amen.

And about a hundred years after, in the time of Henry the third, it was rendred thus:

Fader that art in heavin blisse,
Thin helge nam it worth the blisse,
Cumen and mot thy kingdom,
Thin holy will it be all don,
In heaven and fuerth also,
So it shall bin full well Ic tro
Sif ug all bread on this day,
And forgif us ure sinnes,
As we do ure wider winnes:
Let us not in dounding fall,
Dac fro evil thu syld us all. Amen.

About two hundred years after this in the time of Henry the VI. (as appears by a large manuscript Velume Bible in the Oxford-Library, said to have been this Kings, and by him to have been given to the Carthusians in London;) It was rendred thus.

Oure fadir that art in hevenes, halewid be thi name, thi kingdom come to thee, be thi wil don in eerthe, as in hevene, give to us this day oure breed over othre substanc, and forgive to us oure dettis, as we forgiven oure dettouris, and lede us not into temptation, but delivere us from ivel. Amen.

In another M.S. of Wickliffes Translation, who lived in Richard the 2^ds time, it is rendred with very small difference from this.

About a hundred years after this, in a Bible set forth with the Kings licens, translated by Thomas Mathew, and printed in the year 1537, it was rendered thus:

O oure father which arte in heven halowed be thy name. Let thy kingdome come. Thy will be fullfilled, as well in erth, as it is in heven. Geve us this daye oure dayly bred. And forgeve us our treaspases, even as we forgeve oure trespacers. And lead us not into temptacion, but delyver us from evyll. Amen.

After the same manner it is rendered in the Translation of William Tyndall, with some little differences in the spelling.

This one instance may sufficiently manifest by what degrees this Language did receive its several Changes, and how much altered it is now from what it hath been, and consequently what is to be expected in future times. Since Learning began to flourish in our Nation, there have been more then ordinary Changes introduced in our Language: partly by new artificial Compositions; partly by enfranchising strange forein words, for their elegance and significancy, which now make one third part of our Language, and partly by refining and mollifying old words, for the more easie and gracefulfound: by which means this last Century may be conjectured to have made a greater change in our Tongue, then any of the former, as to the addition of new words.

And thus, in all probability , must it have been with all other vulgar Languages. So that ’tis not likely that any of these Mother-tongues now in being, are the same that they were at the first Confusion. So true is that of the Poet:

Ut sylvæ foliis pronos mutantur in annos,
Prima cadunt; ita verborum vetus interit etas,
Et, juvenum ritu, florent modo nata vigenique.
Debemur morti nos nostraque

And a little after,

Multa renascentur que jam cecidere, cadentque
Que nune sunt in honore vocabula, so solet usus;
Quem penes arbitrium est, & vis, & norma loquendi.

2. As to the second Quere, Whether any of the Ancient Languages be now quite lost, it may be answered, That if in some few hundreds of years a Language may be so changed as to be scarce intelligible; then, in a much longer tract of time it may be quite abolished, none of the most radical and substantial parts remaining: For every change is a gradual corruption. Before the flourishing of the Roman Empire, there were several native Languages used in Italy, France, Spain. In Italy we read of the Messapian, the Hetruscan, the Sabine, the Oscan, the Hetrurian or Tuscan Languages; which are now thought by Learned men to be utterly lost, and nowhere to be found in the World.

‘Tis probable that there was not onely one Language in so vast a Territory as France, but that several Provinces spake several Languages: But what those Languages were, or whether yet extant, is uncertain. As for the Celta, who, inbabiting the inner part of the Country, were less subject to forein mixtures, ‘tis most probable that their Language might be the British or Welsh, which is yet spoken in some parts of France. Cæsar reports that the Gauls were wont often to pass over into Britain, to be instructed by the Druids, amongstwhom there was then no use of Books or Writing, and therefore they must communicate by Discourle. And Tacitus affirms that the Speech of the British and Gauls, differed but little.

It is conceived that one of the ancient Tongues of Spain was the Cantabrian, which doth now there remain in the more barren mountainous, inaccessible parts, where Conquerors are less willing to pursue, or desirous to plant; as our British dith in Wales. But 'tis probable that there might be several other Language besides this in so great a Continent, as well as in Italy, which are now wholly lost and unknown.

3. As to the third Quere, concerning the first Rise and occasion of new Languages, that may be sufficiently answered by what was before suggested, concerning those many particular emergencies which may contribute to the introducing a change in Languages.

Some think that the Italians, Spaniards and French, after they were totally subdued by the Romans, and planted with their Colonies, did, after, a certain space of time, receive the Latin Tongue as their most vulgar Speech, and retained it; till afterwards, being several times overrun by the Northern barbarous Nations, the Goths and Vandals, and other Tribes of the Germans, who mixed with them, and after several Conquests resided amongst them, sometimes 20, 60, 200 years together; this afforded time enough for such a thorough coalition betwixt them and the Natives, as could not but introduce a great change in the common Language, whilst the Nations were forced to attemper their Speech for the mutual understanding of one another.

Others conceive that those Countries did not at first perfectly receive the Latin from the Romans, but did onely make use of most principal radical words; neglecting the Grammatical rules of composition and inflection, and with all varying the way of pronunciation, according to the unusualness and difficulty of several sounds to several Countries: And that this was the first and chief occasion of thofe various Medleys or several Dialects now in use; which were afterwards somewhat farther changed from their Originals, by those several Inundations of the Barbarians

'Tis not much material to dispute, which of these causes had the principal influence in the extraction of these modern Tongues, so long as 'tis granted that both of them might contribute and suffice for this effect. As for our present English, this seems to be a mixture of the British, man, Saxon, Danish, Norman, according to the several vicissitudes of Plantations and Conquests, that this Nation hath undergone. And according as such Conquests have been more or less compleat and absolute, so have the Languages been more or less generally altered: which is the reason why the Saxon Tongue was by our progenitors more fully introduced in England, then either that of the Franks amongst the Gauls, or that of the Goths or ''Lumbards in Italy, or that of the Goths, Vandals or Moors in Spain.

That which seems to be the newest Language in the World, is the Malayan, which is now as general and common amongst the Natives of the East-Indies, as Latin or French is in these parts of the World. 'Tis said to be but of late invention, occasioned by the concourse of Fishermen from Pegu, Siam, Bengala, and several other Nations, who meeting together at a place convenient for Fishing, and finding that it was by situation exceeding commodious for Traffick from several parts, did agree to settle there a Plantation; and accordingly built the Town of Malacca, which hath since, for many years, been governed by the Portuguez, and is now under the power of the Hollander? And, for the more facil converse with one another, they agreed upon a distinct Language, which probably was made up by selecting the most soft and easy words belonging to each several Nation. And this is the onely Language (for ought I know) that hath ever been at once invented; if it may properly be styled a distinct Language, and not rather a Medley of many. But this being invented by rude Fishermen, it cannot be expected that it should have all these advantages, with which it might have been furnished by the rules of Philosophy.

I know that the Learned Golius doth affirm the China Language to be invented by Art; but, upon the best discovery to be made of it at this distance, from those who have lived many years in that Country, and pretend to understand the Language, it appears to be so exceedingly equivocal, and in many respects so very imperfect, that there is little reason to believe it had any such Original.

CHAP. III.

I. The Original of Letters and Writing.II. That all Letters were derived from the Hebrew.III. The use of Letters is less ancient, and the kinds of them less numerous, then of the Languages themselves.IV. Of Notes for Secrecy of Brevity.V. Of real Characters.VI. Of Alphabets in general.

HAving laid down this brief and general View of Languages, 'tis requisite that something should also premised concerning Letters, the Invention of which was a thing of so great Art and exquisiteness, that Tully doth from hence inferr the divinity and spirituality of the humane soul, and that it must needs to be of a farr more excellent and abstracted Essence then mere Matter or Body, in that it was able to reduce all articulate sounds to 24 Letters. Though the Scripture doth not mention any thing concerning the invention of these; yet 'tis most generally agreed, that Adam, (though not immediately after his Creation, yet) in process of time, upon his experience of their great necessity and usefulness, did first invent the ancient Hebrew Character : whether that which we now call the Hebrew, or else the Samaritan, is a question much debated by several Learned men, which I shall not now inquire into, or offer to determine.

It hath been abundantly cleared up by many Learned men, that the ancient Hebrew Character hath the priority before any other now known; which is confirmed by the concurrent testimony of the best and most ancient Heathen Writers. And 'tis amongst rational arguments none of the least, for the Truth and Divine Authority of Scripture, to consider the general concurrence of all manner of evidence for the Antiquity of the Hebrew, and the derivation of all other Letters from it.

Pliny affirms in one place, that the first invention of Letters ought to be ascribed unto the Assyrians; and in another place he saith, that under the name of Syria he understands the Region which were styled Palestine, Judea, and Phœnicia; and in the same Chapter he ascribes the invention of Letters to the Phœnicians. So doth Lucan, likewise;

Phœnices primi (fame si credimus) ausi
Mansuram rudibus vocem signare figuris

With these agree ^a Herodotus, Strabo, ^b Plutarch, ^c Curtius, Mela, &c. who all consent, that the Grecians did first receive their Letters from the Phœnicians by Cadmus, who lived about the time of Joshua. And that the Punic or Phœnician Tongue was the Canaanitish or the Hebrew, though somewhat altered from its original pronunciation, (as is wont in tract of time to befall Colonies planted far from home, amongst strangers,) is sufficiently manifested from the remainders of it that are extent in Plautus and other prophane Authors, as they are cited by the learned Bochart. And that the Phœnicians were Canaanites hath proof also in Scripture, because the same woman who in Mark 7. 26. is styled a Syrophœnician, is said Matth. 15. 22. to be a Canaanite.

That the ancient Greek Character was of very near affinity to the Samaritan, and that the Latin Letters were of such an affinity to the Greek, and derived from them, being in a menner the same with the ancient Ionic Letters, is made very plain by Scaligar, and owned by Pliny and Dionysius Halicarnassensis. And Tacitus doth acknowledge that the ancient Latin Characters were in the shape and figure almost the same with the Greek. And as for the other Letters that are known, namely, the Syriac, Arabic, Æthiopic, Armenian, Coptic, Illyric, Georgian, Gothic, there is this cogent Argument to prove them to be of the same Original, because their Alphabets do generally observe the same order of Letters, which, being in it self exceedingly irrational, cannot probably have any other reason but imitation. Except onely that of the Arabs, sath Hermannus Hugo, who, that they might not seem to have borrowed Letters from others, did purposely disturb the order of the Alphabet; to which he might have added the Æthiopic and Armenian.

§. III.There are two general things to be observed concerning these derived Letters. 1. That they are not of so great Antiquity. 2. That they are not so numerous as Languages are.

1. They are not so ancient, many Nations remaining a long while before they grew so far civilized as to understand the use of Letters, which to this day are not known amongst many of the American Nations, nor the Inhabitants of Lapland: and after the have been known, and of some public use, it hath been yet considerable pace, before persons have written any Discourse in their own Language. Enquiries, chap. 5.'Tis obferved by Tschudas of the German, and by Genebrard of the French Tongue, (saith Mr. Brerewood) that ’tis not much above 400 years, since Books began to be written in those Languages.

2. And because the use of Letters in particular Countries is not sо ancient as Language, therefore are they not of so numerous kinds, several Nations taking up the use of Letters from their neighbours, and adapting them to their own Tongue. Thus the Spanish, French, Italian, German, British, English, Irish, &c. do all use the same Latine Character, it being probable that they had none of their own, before they learnt this of the Romans. The Coptic or Egyptian Character, ever since Egypt came under the Dominion of Macedon, hath been the Greek, excepting only seven Letters proper to their Tongue, which the Greek Alphabet did not sufficiently express, The Muscovites likewise and the Russians the Georgians and Jacobins, do use the Greek Character, the Persians and Turks use the Arabick: though the Letters of any Tongue do not always remain the same, but are subject to the like fate and mutability, to which Languages are exposed.

§. IV.Besides this common way of Writing by the ordinary Letters, the Ancients have sometimes used to communicate by other Notes, which were either for Secrecy, or Brevity.

1. For Secrecy: such were the Egyptian Hieroglyphicks (as they are commonly esteemed) being the representation of certain living Creatures, and other Bodies, whereby they were wont to conceal from the vulgar the Mysteries of their Religion. But there is reason to doubt whether there be anything in these worth the enquiry, the discoveries that have been hitherto made out of them being but very few and insignificant. They seem to be but a flight, imperfect invention, sutable to those first and ruder Ages; Vid. Purchas book 5. chap.7 sect. 1.much of the same nature with that Mexican way of writing by Picture, which was a mere shift they were put to for want of the knowledge of Letters. And it seems to me questionable, whether the Egyptions did not at first use their Hieroglyphicks upon the same account, namely, for the want of Letters.

Those waies of writing treated of by the Abbot Trithemius, were likewise for occult or secret communication: And though some Learned men have suspected and accused him to have thereby delivered the Art of Magic, or Conjuring; yet he is sufficiently cleared and vindicated from any such prejudice in that veru learned and ingenious Discourse de Cryptographia, under the feigned name of Gustavus Selenus, by which the noble Author, the Duke of Lunenburg, did disguise his true name of Augustus Luneburgicus.

2. For Brevity: There were single Letters or marks, whereby the Romans were wont to express whole words. Ennius is said to have invented 1100 of these; Trithemius de Poligraphiato which number Tullins Tyro, Cicero's Libertus, (others say say Cicero himself,) added divers others, to signifie the particles of speech; after whom Philargyrus the Samian and Mecenas, added yet more. After these Anneus Seneca is said to have laboured in the regulating and digesting of those former notes; to which adding many of his own, he augmented the whole number to 5000, published by Janus Gruterus; though amongst his there are divers of a later invention, relating to Christian institutions, which have been added since (as 'tis said) by S. Cyprian the Martyr. The way of writing by these did require a vast memory and labour; yet it was far short of expressing all things and Notions, and besides, had no provision for Grammatical variations.

Of this nature is that short-hand-writing by Characters so frequent with us in England, and much wondered at by Foreiners; which hath a great advantage for speed and swiftness in writing; those who are expert in it being able this way to take any ordinary discourse verbatim.

§. V.Besides these, there have been some other proposals and attempts about a Real universal Character, that should not signifie words but things and notions, and consequently might be legible by any Nation in their own Tongue; which is the principal design of this Treatise. That such a Real Character is possible, and hath been reckoned by Learned men amongst the Desiderata, were easie to make out by abundance of Testimonies. Histor. Nat. India, lib.4. c.3.To this purpose is that which Piso mentions to be somewhere the wish of Galens, That some way might be found out to represent things by such peculiar signs and names as should express their natures; as Sophistis eriperetur decertandi & calumniandi occasio. De Augment. lib.6. cap.1. Orig. scribertdi, cap.4.There are several other passages to this purpose in the Learned Verulam, in Vossins, in Hermannus Hugo, &c. besides what is commonly reported of the men of China, who do now, and have for many Ages used such a general Character, by which the Inhabitants of that large Kingdom, many of them of different Tongues, do communicate with one another, every one understanding this common Character, and reading it in his own Language.

It cannot be denies, but that the variety of Letters is an appendix to the Curse of Babel, namely, the multitude and variety of Languages. And therefore, for any man to go about to add to their number, will be but like the inventing of a Disease, for which he can expect but little thanks for the world. But this Consideration ought to be no discouragement: For supposing such a thing as is here proposed, could be well established, it would be the surest remedy that could be against the Curso of the Confusion, by rendring all other Languages and Characters useless.

§. VI.It doth not appear that any Alphabet now in being, was invented at once or by the rules of Art, but rather that all, except the Hebrew, were ь

0f Alp/saben.

Book I.

taken up by Imitation , and pall by degrees through feveral Changes5 which is the reafon that they are lefs complete , and liable to fever-al ex

ceptlons. The Hebrew Charaâer, as to the lha e of it, thoughit appear folemn and grave ‚ yet hath it not its Letter: giñiciently diítinguiihed from one another , and withall it appears fomewhat harlh and rugged. The Arabic СЬашЁЪегэ though it Íhew beautiful, yet is it too elaborate and takes up too much room ‚ and cannot well be written (mall. The Greekl Latintheir are Íeveral both of them raceful and indifferent eaßeэ thoughand not the without imperfeâions.

As for the I¿lit/tique, it hath no lefs then 202 Letter: in its Alphabet; namely, 7 Vowels, which they apply to every one of their ‘26 Conm пап“ ‚ to which they add zo other alpirated Syllables. All their Cha raůfers are exceedingly complicated and perplexed, and much more dif

ñcult then thofe propofed in this following Difcourfe for the exprellîng of things and notions. Martinair' At

l“ Лат/1:.

,

. This is faid likewile of the Tartarz'an, that every Charaäer with them 1s a Syllable,having each of the Vowels joyned to its Confonant, as La, Le, Li, Ste. which mult needs make a long and troublefome Alphabet.

But it is not my purpofe to animadvert upon thefe Tongues that are lefs known,fo much as фей: with which thefe parts of the world are bet ter acquainted.

CHAP.

ТУ.

1. Tbe Number. Defeéï: II in I.tbeDeterminate common Aqßbabetf, Powerf.as to IV. their Fitting true Order. Мета. I V. I. Pro.

per Figurer of the Letters.

V l. The [прет eäion; belonging to the

Word: of Language ‚ ш‘ to their Eqniwaalnfyâ warz'et)l vfSjnanymm

wordt, uncertain Pbrajêolagier, inapreper ma] of Writing. Ne fpecial Circumflance which adds to the Curfe of Babel is that dg'ßïculty which there is in all Languagef, ariñng from the various Irnperjî’òït'iom belonging to them,both in refpeä of I. their firft Element: or Alphabets, 2. their Words.

1. For Alphabets, they are all of them, in many refpeëts,l liable to juû exception. ‘ I. As to the Order of them, they are inartiñcial and confnfed, without

any fuch methodical difiribution as were requilite for their particular na tures and differences; the Votvelr and Сок/дяди‘: being promifcuouíly huddled together,wìthout any difiinâion : Whereas in a regular Alpba~ bet, the Votre/r and Conßnant: {hould be reduced into Claßër, according to their feveral kinds, with fuch an order of precedence and fubfequence as

their natures will bear 5 this being the proper end and defign of that which we call Metbod,to feparate the Heterogeneous,and put theI-Iomo

geneous together, according to fome rule of precedency. The Не rem Alphabet, (the order of which is obferved in feveral Scriptures, Pjàl. 119. and in the Book of Lanzentatiom) from whence the others are derived, is not free from this lmperfeftion. a. For Chap. IV.

Dtfeêîr in Áévbabetr.

—_

1 5`

1. For their Number, they are in feveral refpeóls both Redundant, and Defcient.

I I,

r. Redundant and fuperfiuous5 either t. By allotting fée/eral Let ‚ед to the jànzepower and found. So in the Hebrew ( D 6‘ tu) and fo perhaps (З &1)(П д‘ 3)(1'3 ё‘ П) (EMP)

Soin theordinary La

tin, ( C 8c K) (F 8c Pb. ) Or a. by reckoning double Letter: amongft the moft Íimple elements of Speech —’ asjn the Hebrews '5 in the Greebg and 45 in thC'Latin( 2,01) (Х. и. ) and _?Confonant or Jod which is made up of (dab) by afiigning feveral Letters to repreíent one lim ple power, -as tb, jl), 81e. So that none of thefe‘ can regularly be rec

koned amongů the fimple elements of Speech. Q, Dqîcz'ent in other refpetits, elpecially in regard of Vowelr, of which there are 7 or 8 feveral kinds commonly ufed, ( as Ifhall lhew after wards ) though the Latin Alphabet take notice but ofjive , whereof two„namelyY (i and u. ) according to our Eng/lfb pronunciation of them,

are not properly Vowels , but Dipbtbongr. And befides, that gradual diñ'erence‘amongít Vowels of long and /bort is not fufliciently provided for. The Ancients were wont to exprefs a long Vowel by doubling the .Charaäer 0f it 5 as Arnaabarn, Мама,кггдееддэдмдфтд Mariinm: roßfuf. though oftentimes the Vowe1.I,inItead of being doubled, was onely pro

longed in the figure ofit5 as EDIL 1 s, rIs o, vIvUs.

For the

ways ufed by us I_ïnglg'fb for lengthning and abbreviating Vowels, viz. by`

adding Equìefcent to the end of a word for prolonging a Syllable , and doubling the following Confonant for the fbortning of a Vowel, as Wane, ' Wann 5 Ware, Warr, 8tc. or elfe by inßarcing fome other Vowel, for the Iengtbning of ìt,as Meat,Met_5 Read. Red, ötc. both thefe are upon this account inzproper, becaufe the Hgn ought to be where the found is. Nor would it be fo lit to expreß this by a diflinét Cbaraö'er, becanfe it denotes>

E

onely an accidental or gradual dljêrence, as byan Accent 5 the chief ufe

of Accentr,for which they are necelfary in ordinary fpeech, being to 118 niño ‚гашиша! and Elevations of voice. ‘ 3. For their Powe'rr, they are very úncertainmot alwaies fixed and de~ è If] termined to the fame Íignilication: which as to our Englrß) pronunciatì° ' — ’ on maybe made to appear by abundance of In'llances both in the Vow els and Confonants. _ ‚ g l _ `

I. As to the Vowelr: It is generally acknowledged that eachof them have feveral founds. Vocale: ornnerplurrfrna, faith Lipfìuf, And the learn. De Pronunc.

ed Vol/iu: doth allure us , that the Ancients did ufe their Vowels iń very caP- s' different wayes, alz'quando tenuiùr exiliúfène, nunc сити‘, nunc inter- ßfaxmgat'n,

medio fono.

.

y

„ Mis-'wäen'

The power of the Vowel (t) treated of afterwards, is „Рим in Devtfï‘ëPm‘

writing no lefs then fix feveral waies 5 by е. He, me, j/Je, ye. ee. Tbee, free, wee.

y

'

‚лишают‘

l

ie. Field, yield, ßJie/d, cbief.~ ea. Near, dear, bear. eo. People. i. Privilege.

l

.

So is the Power of the Vowel (et а) asin A”, aal, aw, fault, миф‘, ‘

brongbt. 16

Dejeêi’r in: Alphabets.

. Book l.'

brought. Thefe are all various waies of writing the fame long Vowel; belides which there are other difiìnét waies of cxprefiing the Наше Vowel when it is Мёд fhort, asin the wordsof, for, Sie. And for the Power of the Vowel (t) that is likewife written five fe veral waies. o. To, who, ruo‘ue. oe. Doe. oo. ' Shoo, rnoon, noon. ou. Could, would. no. Two.

And as for the Poner of the Vowel ( ч) this alíb is written tive feve ral waies 5 namely, by the Letters i. 817,11)", firmament, SKC.

o. Hon), mon), “мед/бис, love, Btc. v oo. Blood, ßood. u. Turn, burn, ßurtben.

ou. Country, couple. a. As to the Confonant: , thefe likewife are of very uncertain Power: :

witnefs the different pronunciation of the letter (С) in the word Circo, and ( G) in the word Negligence. lknow ’tis Ы‘! that the letter ( C ) before the Vowels a, o, u, muß be pronounced like (К,) as in the words „ее, coran, @udo 5 and before the Vowels e, i, as S, as in the words cedo,

eiliuru. But there is no reafon why it íhould be Го. Upon which account 2: our learned Country than, Sir Tbo.. Smit/r, doth juftly cenfure it as inon prognuncîati, ßrurn litem, non [item5 ignorantw Летит, non шт; mdaßrpm, one. той?) eornix. » «мат, The letters C,S,'1‘, are often ufed alike, to denote the farne Power, Gmi" and that both in Ещё/7) and Frencb 5 and the letter (S) is той frequent~

ly ufed for ( Z) which muß needs be veriy improper. And, which is yet more irrational , ibme Letters of the ame name and (ha pe are ufed fometimes for Vowelrß'nd fometimes for Сет/Этим; as шт“.

V, W, T5 which

yet differ from one anotherДел‘ corpur ¿5 anima, and ought by no means

to be confounded.

To which may be added, that from this equivocal power of Letters, it fo falls out, that I. Some words are di/iingui/bed in writing , and not in pronunciation : as S

zo, сфо; Sera, Cera-3 Serf/ur, Cer‘vur5 Syrur, C}ru.r5 Boar, Bore;

Corne, Lat. Curng Done, Вт’; Dear, Deer, Hear, Here; Heart, Hart;

Meat, Mete5 Son, Sun i Sonie, Lat. Suini, Toer, To# 5 Toc, Тап’ед To, Too, Tivo. ‘

a. Some Words are dzyiiugui//Jed in pronunciation , but not in writing; as the Words Give, i. Dare, Give, i. I/ineulufnr, Get. i. Acquirere, Get, i. 64 gate: 5 io and bis' in EngIi/ÍJ , and i: and hit in Latin. So the Latin word Malè,l i. evil/y, is a dilïyllable5 whereas the Engli/h word Mole, which Hgnifies the mafculine Sex, is but a monofyllable. All which are very zgreat incongruities, and' fuch as ought to be avoided in any regular elta blifhment of Letters. è. IV.

4. Their Nome: in molt Alphabets, are very improperly exprqße'd by words of {Эх/ага! fyllables5 as Aleph, Bet/s, Girnel, Sie. Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Sec. And thus it is in t5 feveral Alphabets mentioned by Her ÍÍÍdÍÍÍÍÍ/f Chap, IV.y ntannu: Hugo.

‘ Imperfeëîz'on in Wordi".

"KL

‘i “Pff

ln which refpeů the Roman Alphabet , and our Едут), D¢9rîsir~l¢

which follows it very near , are much more convenient then the гей, ЁЁЁЬШЩ ŕ where each Letter is named (imply by its Power. Though herein like wife there be fome defetïts : for the letter С fhould not be named See,

but Kee :, and G, not, as ufually We do, Ёееэ but Гп: and foR, tocon form it with the refr, fhould be called er, not ar 5 and Z íhould be ftyled ez., not Lad. 5. Iheir Figure: have not that correßzonelencj to their Natures and

V.

Powers which were deÍirable in an artificially-invented Alphabet, wherein the Vowel: ought to have fomething anfwerable in their Chara де’ unto the fever-al kinds of Apertion which they have in their found.

And fo for the вид/дамп, they Íhould have fome fuch affinity in their ì Figure: as they have in their Poiven. ’Tis fo in fome of them, Whether purpofely or cafually, Iknow not 5 as B P. b p. CG. SZ. and perhaps T D, t d: but not in others.

‚

To this may be added , the .manner of writing as to the Oriental Tonguesfrom the right hand to the left, which is as unnatural and incon

venient, as to write with the light on the wrong Нос.

The yew: them- mi; „dc

felves write their particular firokes of Letters from the left to the right Cau ISL- l»

hand 5 and therefore it would be much more rational, that their words “9'4" lhould be written fo too. Belides thefe Defects in the ufual Alphabet: or Letten, there are feve ral others likewife inthe Word: of Language , and their Accidents and

Confiruůions. r. In regard _of Equivocab, which are of feveral Íignilications , and

therefore mult needs render fpeech doubtful and obfcure5 and that ar

gues a de/i‘ciency, or want of a fuflicient number of worden Thefe are ei ther alifolutel) lo,or in their figurative coníiruétion, or by reafon of Phra feologie:. Of the firll kind there are great variety in Latin. So the word Бытие:

. L l B E R . 4P” d Politico: Oratore: (_ ßgmßmf 1in/fico: J

Codicern. `

Lihertate fruentern ’ FЩит. Arhori: corticetn.

So the word Mala: ñgnilies both an Apple-tree, and Evil, and the Maß of a jhip z, and ~Populur Íignifies both a Poplar-tree, and the People, &c. Belides fuch Equivocals as are made by the injïexion of words: as Lex, legit, legi, Lego, legis, legi: Stu, ßti:5 Suo,ßti:5 Snu:,jîti: : Aniare‘ the Ad verb, Arno, anios, afnam“, amare 5’ and Arnor, amari: wel anzare: with

abundance of the like of each kind. Nor is it better with the Щи Tongue in this refpeét, in which there is great variety of Equìvocals. So the word Biüíignilies both a Weapon, a Bird’s and aand written Зная! lignilies‘ both So her, andBeek, Sepulcher, to Саше, Sie.: The word Grave i

As for the ambiguity of words by reafon of Metaphor and Phrajêology, this is in all inliituted Languages fo obvious and fo various, that it is need

lefs to give any inl’tances of it 5 every Language having fome peculiar phrafes belonging toit, which, if they were to be tranllated verbatim in

to anothcůTonguc , would feem wild and infignificant. D

In which our Englilh

V 1_ 18

Imperfeëïzon т %гс1.г‚&с.

Book. l

Englilh doth too much abound , witnefs thofe words of Break, Bring, Caß, Cleare, Con1e,Cut, Draw, Fall, Hand, Keep, l a), make, Puff, Put, Hun, Set, Stand, Take, none of which have lefs then thirty or forty, and fome

of them about a hundred feveral fenfes , according to their ай: 1п Phra fes, as may be feen in the Dictionary. And though the varieties of Phra fes in Language may feem to contribute to the elegance and ornament of Speech 5 yet,like other affeâed ornaments,they prejudice the native limplicity of it,and contribute to the difguifing of it with falfe appearan ces.

Belides thar,like other things of fafhion, they are very changeable,

every generation producing new ones, witnefs the prefent Age, efpe cially the late times, wherein this grand impoflure of Phrafes hath almoíl categ out folid Knowledge in all profeflions, fuch men generally being of moll efleem who are lkilled in фей: Canting forms of fpeech, though in nothing elfe . 2. 1п refpeól of Synonynton: words , which make Language tedious, and aregenerally jìtperfluitier, Íince the end and ufe of Speech is for hu seali „de

mane utility1 and mutual converfe; ‘изд: zgitur ну?" ut hrefuißgó' гедш,

gg" L' Óßnplexjinqnim longn: Ú“ 'var-im: And yet there .is no particular Lan ВР Wal'm guage but what is very obnoxious in this kind. ’Tis faid that the Arabie pl-¿legomm ,hath above а thoufand feveral names for a Sword, and 500 for a l ion,and

de Lingua

200 for a Serpent, and fourfcore for Hon). And though perhaps no other

‘gdm’ feét‘ Language do exceed at this rate, as to any particular 5 yet do they all of them abound more then enough in the general.

The examples of this

kind,for our Englryb, may be feen in the' following Tables. To this may be added, that there are in moll Languages feveral words that are mere Expleti'ver, not adding any thing to the Senfe. 3. For the An‘otnalifm: and irregularities in Grammatical conftruëti

on, which abound in every'Language , and in fome of them are fo nu merous,that Learned men have fcrupled whether there be any fuch thing as Analogy. 4. For that Dtůrence which there is in very many Words betwixt the writing and pronottncing of them, mentioned before. Scriptio ejìvocnnt

piáïnra: And it Íhould feem very reafonable, that men lhould either fpeak as they write, or write as they fpeak. And yet Cuílom hath fo ri vetted this incongruity and imperfeůiion in all Languages, that it were an hopelefs attempt for any man to go labout to repair and amend it. ‘Tis needlefs to give inllances of this,there being in divers Languages as ma- ‚ ny words whofe founds do difagrce with their way of writing , as thofe are that agree. What is faid of our Eng/ijle Tongue is proportionably true of moll other Languages, That if ten Scribes (not acquainted with the particular Speech) lhould .fet themfelves to write according to

Ípronunciation, not any two of them would agree in the farne way of . obfervation of а Learned man concerning the French Tongue, Р ellin ’Tisgan Sir „M_ .smb that it is ineptif/intè corfnßßaliàr aolfaßidinnt otiojîrßt arä‘a literir ¿ali d: ad rnendicitatem Ó' jejuna con in année raro rationi conforta. 'Tis laid inopr that Peter llanta:5 nunqnantßhi did labour much reducing it to а

de reéta v""ef‘l’t‘on‘i‘

new Orthograph), but met with much'difcouragement in this attempt from Learned men; beíides the invinciblenefs of general Cuflom, a

gainft which ( for the moll part ) men ûrive in vain.

What better fuc

cefs thofe Learned ingenuous perfons of the French Academy ihay have, .

who дыру.

hitherteyíialibßed‘bgislìnferiaß¿im ,i

r

i

who have‘bnetnîor (шею) y'lem‘s'idgagedinltllńsiwitirk, ,L “mot amie, сидим fnl’ ûmet'Tisîldlatbdxf ßßilperidaß'ing цгпмщггщьдшдь .fob the com. WWF“ f' ‘ ypen'idìcmfneti» o5iiarhje'ggr~addtmtho Багет!’ МрЁЁЬптЬМе Letters

it „жецьдапдщшьщьытшшшшпг

iéli' t

.'.l

l -Í

romption “anni

i

ufe of them through his Dominions, and that in al Schoolazïsuths eńimhliienfeóf M>~Mnd.yet, .nntllithílanding his мышь щьвшщпщ.шщшиу збшгыв _death laid айдыыафыд mi: .l'iilorllaaw J8( '.'Jll ,Nawal lo ‘Ш. i“ "п:

Ag rbeïaltbbgrńpbfoiit‘iîz to „m- am; Lan „Жить perimshave takmmueh painsSea» bone f iŕl‘rhànhea'rnedlínìghti Sanità, «muy штат ЕНйАегЩ "щмштфсьЕшьашсшпйрщ France,

>hath públiihed melegammmrfe in ищут ми датам Lim gua щшшумрамь. Martini, this Stiliin'fìm'aain annthénßifcourfe

prúfnmlted by' 'nñetuii the «Heraklrgxwbomllp b' ltpßlicßtrls who was followed by one Wade, that writ to the farne purpo e. After thefe, Bnl' [aber endeavoured to add to, and alter divers things in thofe others that preceded himfg'twbóiìsaißecnédedinítbß щиты laß aff/#MM40

Gi/Ain'hìs EaglzgUrGrammat. LAM-.yet bium' @tía (Fulham, .that (lill we retain the fame errors and incongruities in writing which сидишь fáiihůl'â tmlght'msï .v ‚ И: fiJ-:ri Ишим Íl ’— l1 io tÄ“."i_j`‘§f.'~lkann 't ‚ ‘ » ‹ - г.‘ gt. :di ora. 1:‘.Ё cimiionl; uuu u1 enfllf‘liwill'ii vf" f ‘l Rr' . :lr/r '1_/1 ï'mlrioitrnq fr, Í.' bnr. ,t‘a‘swst ‹. i'i-„B ;.Í i _.'

. Y

Í)._`Í.'».`;l".

"Mifflin

’,`

"iT-.î

" i

i

"

aa »aart-taff.mtraaal’tìiwèataaaylef »had a ',çet ejer/eral

besarla a". JL. sïêsfrfrrfdërtraëïaftliffw

‘maf «f Marmande#«esercitata lli ür fr); 15018” "г ‘т ‚ vided ma theaßall'llffńaafa l’êr'lafallit‘lfßbsfa .trat ¿amusés

. т j” wenn „и «f #Er/Mbits# “asienta” ‘s 11i/lieb. »van д’е’дьс‘бшёщЙчы

1-3.’

‘

t _’. "ndi

‘

РРщш what hath beata,y alŕeadyìíaid i; mayapptar, Atlitnstl‘iere, are nu' Q_ L.

Letters to orthe languages andteůabllfhed according Rules oftbathagvefbgen Artg but thatatonceainvented all, ‘eirceh раз: 653, which we know nothing ГО Ссшйр as, that ity was non ma' e by human _Art u on Experience) have been шт tal-Sen up

that flrll, and дай‘!

way of Imitation, or elfe, `in along кайф’

by

have, upon (счета!

emergencies , admitted var-ioustand crgßtal alterations; by rwhich means

they muli needs be liable to manifqkd defeéts and imperfeéìions, that in a Language atlquçefinvented‘and tothe ruler tо atArt mi ht be ealily avoided. VNor could this` aenordì otherwi e be,v becaufe very rt

by which Language íhould be regulated, viz. Grammar, is of rmuch la

fr invention the» Langage: Муфты, beingëadîpted‘towhat was al-l

ready inbeing, rathegthen the Rule of making ire. Though the Hebrew Tongue, bç‘the mqů ancient ,

» _ ,_

_

'

et Rabbi Índab “gm-„ddp

Ching of .Fezin .#rigwholived A. D. 1040,; was the fir that reduced it t? Grßmfïiafef to the Art of Grammar.

And though there were both Greek and Latin щ" “ "l" 4"

Grammarians much more ancient; yet were there none in either,tilla

long time after thofe Languages flourilhed: whichisthe true reafonof .

D 2

all’ /

Tbefìrfl Principle of Communication. Book I.

'2O

all (Малыши/{п} in Grammar; becaufe the Art‘fwas futed'to Lan Vlßíuf ibid. cap. g.

guage, and not Language to the Art. Platbis faidto be the Erft that con rayamvirgil. lidered Grammar : 'Ari/tatie the Erft that by writing.' did reduce it into lib.i.cap.1.

an Art : and' Epienrm :he lirftthat publickly taught yit amongft the Grecianr.

‘

Ñ» `

'

’

`

And for the Latin, Crater Mallatcr, Embaíiador to the Ronan Senate

from King ‚шт, betwi-xt the (econd and third Panic War, prefently af ter the death of Enniu, U. C. 583. was the Erft that brought in the'Art of Grammar amongli the Romanr,.faith Snetoniwf. l s Thefe being fome of the Defeŕ’ts orlmperfetïtìons in thofe Letters or

Languages,which are already known, mayafford diret‘l-ion, what is to be

avoided by thofe who propofe to thernfelves the Invention of a new (baraò'le’or Language , which being thoprìncipal end of this Difcourfe, I (hall in the next place proeeedtolay-zdown;the lirft Foundations 0f it.

è. Il.

’

‚ n’ ‚

As men do generally agree inthe lame Principle of Reafon, fo do tìiey likewife agree in' the fame Internal Notion or“ Apprebetyíon af t ingr.

.

The ExternalExpre :on of thefe Mental notions , whereby men сот municate their thoughts to one another , is either to the Ear , or to the Eje.

o

T5 the Ear by Sonndr, and шоке particularly by Articulate Vaiee and War r.

. _

.

To the Eje by any thing that is w’ßble, Motion, Light, Colour, Figure, _ and more particularly by Writing. That conceit which men have in their minds concerning a Ног‘: or Tree, is the Notion or mental Image of that Beafl‘, or natural thing, of

fuch a nature,Íhape and ufe- The Name: given to фей: in feveral Lan guagesßre fuc'h arbitrary ouml: or шаг-‘11,25 Nations of men have agreed upon, either cafually or efignedly, to exprefs their Mental notions of them. The Written word is the ligure or piöture of that Sound. 8o that if men lhould generally confent upon the fame way 0r man

ner of Expreßïan, as they do agree in the fame Notion, we lhould then be freed from that Curfe in the Confulion of Tongues, with all_ the unhap ‚ ру confequences of it.

Now this can onely‘be done, either by труда‘ fome one Language and Character to be univerfally learnt and praétiled, (which is not to be

expeéted , till fome erfon attain to the Univerßl Monarch) 5 and per haps would not be one then :) or elfe by prapfjíngfome fuch way as,

by its facility and ufefulnefs, (without the impolition of Authority)

,might invite and ingage men to the learning of it;` which is the thing here attempted.

9.111.

In order to this, The lirl't thing to be conlidered and enquired into is, Concerning a juli Enumeration and defcription of fueh things or notions as are to have Markt or Name: aíïigned to them. The chiefDiñi'culty and Labour will be fo to contrive the Enumera tion of things and'notions, as that they may be full and adequate, without

any Redundancy or Dfcienc) as to the Number of them, and regular as to their Place and Order. f «

l `Chap. V. Т/эе

Ргтсг1’1е QfCommumcatzon.

lf to every thing and notion there were aíligned a diílinâ Mark, to: gether' with prozéîßan Grammatical Derivation: and In I ßexionr, thisfome might fu ce astoto exprefs one great end of a младше”, паше .ly ,the exprellion of our Conceptions by Mar/q which lhould íig'niñe things, and not mardi'. And fo likewife if Íeveral diltinů ward: were

afiigned for the nume: of fuch things, with certain invariable Ruler for ‘all fuch Grammatìcal Derivation: and Inflexiom, and fuch onely, as are

natural and neceliàry 5 this would make a much more eaûe and conveni ent Language then is yet in being.

_

But now if thefe Marks' or Note: could be Го contrived, as to have fuch

a dependance upon, and relation to, one another, as might be futable to the nature of the things and notions which they rcprefented5 and fo likewife, if the Name: of things could be Го ordered, as to contain fuch a kind of affini!) or bpprjítion in their letters and founds, as might be fome way anfwerablc to the nature of thefuperadded: things whichbythey figniiïcd 5 This would yet be afarther advantage which, belides the

belt way of helping the Memory by natural Method , the ‘Undef/landing likewife would be highly improved, and We Íhould , Ьу learning the

Clmraäer andthe Name: of things, be inliruŕled likewife in their Na huel, the knowledg of both which ought to be conjoyned. For the accurate of this,it would neceffary, that the ТЬеа »y it felf,upon whicheffeůing Íuch a defign were to bebefounded, lhould be exact ly [Маша the плиту“ tbingf,

But, upon fuppofàl that this Theory is

dejìóì'iœ, either as to the Fulneß or the Order of it, this muli needs add muchperplexit 'to any fuch Attempt, and render it imperfeò?. And that this is the и‘: with that common Theory already received , need not much be doubted ; which may afford fome excufe as to feveral of tholè things which may feem to be lefs conveniently difpofed of in the follow-A

ing Tables, or Schemes propofcd in the next part.

The End of tbe Fz'tß Part.

-a

»2 1 Part. Il,

~ ‘З ì~

The' Second Рагг,"

¿1.

.

Ё‘

Containing a> regular enumeration and defcriptiion of all thofè things and notions to which names)4 _

are to be alligned.

`

‘ "

l‘CHA n1. I. The Scheme о Genur’r. И. Concerning the more general nations@¢` tbingr,tbe d' cult] af eßablaj/bing thejì arigbt. III. Ч Tranfcenden’ tal: general. IV. 0f Tranßendentalrelatiom mixed. V. 0f Tfn”.

Делами! relation; of Adieu. V I. 0f the jêfveral пойми belonging to Grunmaror Logic.

“" )"i

| м.

.

‘

" Н"

= »‘ tÍ’

' .'.

‘ _ A VIN G difpatched the Pifoflegoŕnena in thè former part,` I proceed' according ‘to the ‘f’'2 ’ niethod attempt propofed of enumerat'ingandfdçůribing-¿U ).'to'tha’tfmo'ne

,I i

‚ I “Ж

fuch things and‘lnotlons'a'sifíall under di fcourfe. In treating concerning this, I (hall firft lay

«// «j

„мы;

down a Sçhemeor nubi: of all the Genuf's

"

`f

`

_ o`rrn`òrecotnmon

ads-of things belonging

to this defign; And then lliewhow each of

thefe may be fubdivided' by its peculiar Dzf ferencee5 which for the better convenience of this infiitution, I take leave to determine (for the moll_part)to the number of Gx. Unlels it be in thofe numerous tribes, ofHerbf, Trect, Exanguiour Anima/r, F{'[í‘cr and Birdf; which are of too great variety to be comprehended in lo narrow а compals. Alter which I lhall proceed to enumerate the leveral Specie;

belonging to each of «thefe Diferencer, according to fuch an order and dependance amongfl them ‚ as may contribute to the dçjïnz‘ng of them, and determining their primary fignilications Thefe Specie: are com monly joyned together by pairs, for the better helping of the Memory, ( and fo likewife are fome of the Genm‘s and Этими.) Thofe things which naturally have Oppojíter, are joyned with them, according to fuch Oppofition,whether Single or Double. Thol'e things that have no Oppo

Íites, are paired together with refpeét to fome Aßínìt] which they have 'one to another. Tho it mult be acknowledged that thefe Al'linities are fometimes lefs proper and more remote, there being feveral things lhifted into Ythefe places, becaufe l knew not how to provide for them better. All l щ

Chap. I.

Tbe General Scheme.

23

All kinds of tIIIngs and notions, to which names are to be aíligned, may be d1 Íiributed into fuch as are either more г

l General5 namely thofe Univerfal notions, whether belonging more properly to GENERAL. I Tbingrgca'lled TR'ANSCENDENTAL? RELATION MIXED. П . З RELATION OF ACTION. ‹

I WordrgDISCOURSE.

III

IV

’ „древа! 5 denoting either CREATOR. V Creature 5 namely fuch thiggs as were either created or concreated .by God, not

excluding feveral of tho e notions, which are framed bythe minds of men, confid ered either Cob/eô‘ivelj5 WORLD. VI

„

_

Dtßributinelß according to the feveral kinds Of Beings, Whether fuch as do A salßanee-y ( belong to `

‚1’тп1та1е5 ELEMENT.

VII

Animate; coníidered according to their feveral

Species; whether ‘y l

[думайте

‚‘

’

I

E. VII lmPe’f‘aâ “Mmm‘l‘di/ilglit. Ix

Ё

l

<

Í Perfeägas PlantgSII-IRUB. XIII

l

LEAF. х

HERB coníid.accord. to theäFLOWER. XI

'

SEED-VESSELXII

TREE. XIV

I

-

EXANGUIOUS. XV FISH. XVI Sanguineatuâ ÈBIRD. `XVII I ' par”. PECULIAR. XIX. BEAST. XVIII ` э GENERAL. XX LAceidentg, _ lßerjftive 5%

r.

l

MAGNITUDE. _xxI

@amig-5% SPACE. XXII MEASURE. XXIII NATURAL POWER. . HABIT. XXV 211111105 Whether MANNERS. XXVI SENSIBLE QUALITY. ‹— SICKNESS. XXVIII SPIRITUAL. XXIX COKPOKEAL. XXX

XXIV ` XXVII

Адт’ёмотюм XXXI OPERATION.

XXXII

Private. . Relation 5 whether more

publia/i.

oEcoNoMIcAL. хххш PossEssIoNs. xxxIv PnovIsIoNs. xxxv cIvIL. xxxvI. JUDICIAL. xxxyn MILITAR?. XXXVIII NAVAL. xxxIxY ‚ EccLEsIAsTIcAL. xL. ‚24

Concerning Метр/аура.

Partï" lli

In this precedent Scheme, all the feveralthings or notions, to which names are to be alligned , are reduced to forty Genna’s. The Нгй fix of

which do comprehend fuch matters, as by reafon of their Generalnefs, or in fome other refpeû, are above all thofe common heads of things called Predicaments; The гей belonging to the feveral Predicarnent:f„ of

which I reckon only live. Amongft thefe , Sub ance doth take in fourteen Gent/:'s, Quantity three, ,Qgalitj five, A ion. four, and Relaf» tion eight. ‹. ‚. t. `

This being fuppofed to be a fufiicient general Scheme of things , that whichis next to be enquired after , is how each of thofe Genue's may be

fubdivided into its proper differences and fpecies. In order to which I fhall offer that which follows.

In the enumeration of all fuch things and notions as fall under di fcourfe , thofe are бгй to be conlidered which are more general or сош

prehenfive, belonging either to Metaphjßc, or to Grarnrnar and Logic. Tho particular: are flrů in the order of Being, yet General: are Бгй in the order of Knowing, becaufe by thefe, fuch things and notions as are lels . general, are to be diltinguifhed and defined.

._ ‚

t

Now the proper end and defign of Metaphyfìc Íhould be to enume rate and explain thofe more .general terms , which by~reafon of their

ILlniverlality and Comprehenlivenefs, are either aho've all thofe Heads of things liiled Predicaments, or elfe common to jë'veral of them. And if this Science had been fo ordered , as to have conteined a'plaip regular enumeration and defcription of thefe general terms,without thie mixture

of nice and fubtle difputes about them 5 It might have been 7„proper e nough for learners to have begun with. 4But men having purpofely

{irained their Witsto frame and difcufs fo many intricate queftions , as are commonly treated of in it : 'Tis no wonder that it Íhould hereby be

judice andnotneglelïil riper beginners, judgments.butThat rendred, onel of lefsthofe fit forofyoung liablewhich] alfo toaim the at prein treating concerning thefe things', is to offer fome brief and plain de~ fcription of them , as being confcious that fuch matters as are prinz?) nota,

and той obvious, are шой hard to be defined. And the multiplying of words,about things that are plain enough of themfelves,doth but con

tribute to the making of them more obfcure. The ri ht ordering of thefe Tranfcendentals isa bufinefs of no fmall diñicultyiecaufe there is fo little aíflfiance or help to be had for it in the Common Syftems, according to which this part of Philofophy ( as it feems to me ) is rendred th‘e той rude and imperfect in the whole bo dy of Sciencesgasif the compilers of it had taken no other care for thofe General notions , which did not fall within the ordinary feries of things,

and were not explicable in other particular Sciences _, but only to tum ble them together in feveral confufed heaps , which they ftiled the Sci

ence of Terms Metaphyßc. is`one reafon of fuch is veryAnd fhortthis and`def1cient in wh refy the ufual enumeration Рей of whatit ought to — be,many of thoíe thin s being left out, which do properly belong to this number 5 which defeâs 'are here intended to be in fome meafure fuppli

ed. Tho it muli be granted , that by reafon of the exceeding compre heiî/îoeneß of fome notions, and the extremefùlitilty of others, as like wi e becaufe of the ftreightnels of that method which I am bound up¿o _ Y Chapi.

_

Concerning MetaPhy/ìc.

„ 'Q5

by thefe Tables it will fo fall out, that feveral things cannot be difpofed yof fo accurately as they ought to be.

The fêveral things belonging to Metaphylical or Tianfcendental no tions may be comprehended under thefe three Heads, namely fuch as are either more

`

/îhfòlnteyconteining the Kinda, Can/er, ÀDifereneer and Maele.: of g

things , which [такс the liberty to call TRANSCENDENTAL

GENERAL. Relative 5V whether

‚

.

-

_ ` .Jl/fixed, and common both to Qiantitßfhialitygwhole andPart, ftiled TRANSCENDENTAL MIXED. ` Simple, and proper to Aélion, viz. TRANSCENDENTAL re lation of ACTION. l

The moll Unìverfal conceptions of Things aregifually fliled TRAN SCENDENTAL, IlÍetaPhy/ìc-all.

To which may be annexed by way of affinity , that general name which denotes thofehigheft and molt common heads , under which the {everal kinds of things may be reduced in an orderly feries: viz. PRE~ DICAMENT, Category.

`

r

Tranfŕendentalr general may be dillributed into fuch‘ as do concern‘ the nature of things according to their

,fKiNDs i. ‘CAUSES Этими}; 1i. more

' `

i

‚_ '

ABSOLUTE andCommon. III.l

‹` Relative to Aäron, conlidering

l ётнв END. lv. THE MEANS. V. [Monts vi. .

«f

_

.

—

’

. _

’

'

Ё

’

—

ътьаъ 26 1- “к”.

Tranfceizdental: General.

Part. ll.

I. That common Eflence wherein thing: of dferent nature: do agree, is called GENUS, general, common Kind. . That common nature which is communicable to feveral Individual: ,° is called

` SPECIES, Sort or fpecial kindJpecißQ/pecifìcal. Breed. Thefe common kinds may be diûinguiíhed into fuch as are either more properly ‘Tranjŕendental 5 namely, thofe той univerfal and comprehenlive Terms which fall under Difcourfe 5 relating to

`l

rThe and maß general Conception,of which the 'Underßanding take: notice, as l molt known. I êßElNG, Entity, Eß`ence,Exißence, am, in', extant. l ' NOTHING, Полу)‘, null, rione, Annul, :jitter/ul, (шт/эдак‘, abrogate, aboli , l void, undue, cancel, evacuate, Ciphre. '

l Thojf: Being: which are trulyfire/J, or thofe which our Sen/ë: лиг/$144)?” Being. 2 ìTHlNG, Afair, Matter, Bußngß’, Cajë, real Jy, indeed. ’ ' APPARE N СЕ; Apparition, Phantafm, Shaw, Идея, Едф‘оп and vani/h, lSiniilitnde: of Being: 5 formed in our Mind: either by apprehen/'on of thing:

that are, or imagination of thing: that are not.

—

NOTION, Conce tion. ` l ' FICTION, Figmenímake, feign_.frame,dea1ifë,counterfet,forgejcoirnmint, Fa

I

ble, Apolfgue, Romance, Tale, Legend, Mythology, Fairy, Nymph, Centaur, стада, Bugbear, Goblin, Chymera, Atlantif, Utopia.

{Не word: aj/ignedßr the Лифт‘; cffe‘veral Thing: and Notion: : to which that common name jor theßgnifying if particular rational Being: may be an nexed, though lels properly. NAME, Style, Title, Tilular,CompeUation,Appel/ation nominate,denominate, 4. î

штате, Inßription, “отдадим”, anqnymow, cali, Мата, Теги.

PERSON, Age, Party, No-body, Wight. Predicamental5 thofe chief Heads, under which other Terms may be reduced 5

denoting either

'

l lrSuch thing: a: ДМ]! by them/2111er, or which (according to the old Logical

lt’ielinliìtion)drequére a Шума’ inhe/îon: Though they are Indeed nothing ut t е mo es o Su ance. `SUBSTANCE, ubi 5’ iAccIDSNralLf т.

That ‚(ш/тайну" thing: whereby they may be jìzid to have parts difiinä and ca pable of' divifion, or thegeneral difpglìtionof thing: either to Aäz‘on or Paßion. l ÉQUANTITY, Much, Deale, Mathematich. ‘l 6. QUALITT, DiÚM/itionßndoument, indue,part:,qualfcatiommanner,con " dition, фиг.

l The application of the Agent to the Patient, or the reception of the force if the ‘t

Agent.

I

âACTION, doe,perjiirnt,commit,praäï¢proceeding,funêiion, exerci/ë, at' chiene,dealing, Ад‘, Fай‘, Deed, Feat, Earp/oit, Paßage, Prank, îric/g, play 7

the Part. l РАЗ-$101", abide, ail, bear, endure,jitfer, undergo, fitßain, feel, capable. i t Such thing: a: cannot be, or cannot be known, without a rejpeä to _ßznething eyê 5

or which may be, or may be ifndef/food (Г them/elan, Without any fuch refe rence. 8 SKELATION, refer, Regard, Refpeâ’, Habitude, corrclative. ' 2ABSOL‘UTENESS, дне/Рейды, peremptory, jiatqpojìtive. l

.

Il. That Chap. l.

_’

Tranfcendentalr General.

27

Il. That which any way contributes to the producing of an .effeëlg is ftyled C1 f AUSE. CAUSE, Rea/on, Ground, Principle, proceedfrom, procure,produce,mab„e,conßitute,In ji'nenee, raife, put, fêt, bring to pa/f. That which proceeds from, or depends upon the Caufe, is fiyled EFFECT, Eventgluefruit,accrueßucceßßring from,become,gron>,come ofit,imprej/Íon,Produ¿?. IfExternal, fuch as are without the Effect.

rl?) which thing: are done, whether ,More immediate and abfolute 5 either moreритмы which the lirfl Acti

i il

on is,or [фprincipal, and fubfervient to the chief Agent. ÍEFFICIENT, Author, Maker, Eßi`cacy,efe¿lual,5nergj, Virtue, Validity, i, l Fакцизов”,ОРегаИ0п,1п/1иепсе‚ frame, сои/Биде, beget, фа, ¿1o/mike, ’ тиф, work, render, create, bring to pafì. í l l INS Г RUMENT, Tool, Organ -ical, Implement:

_l ‚ ‹

More remote and relative я being either in "The Agent, ferving either to ‘i’Excite, or rg/irain 1t. IMPULSIVE, Incentive,illotive, Reajonßround, ConcitationJn/liga

2.

dcommonly into Caufes ifirareibuted

‚

tion, Inducement, impe/l, „диким, ßir up, prickforward, Лат‘ т, rou/è, quicken, irritate, provoke, excite, egging,incite,lnßinò`t,Conßde ration, put on, Ё! at or on, move, urge, draw in.

A

COHIBITII/E, reflrain, check, curb, with-hold, keep/hert or bach, in hibit, repre/5“, hold in, bridling, ßint, coerce, conßne, limit, no ho,fia), Дикий, moderate, nia/ler, controle. [Едва and regulate it: Aäion, either | bj that Idea which the Agent hath -< l

_ in hir mind offome like cafè, or by ome Pattern before hir ejer. B'ÉEXEMPLAR, Example, Infiance, Idea, Precedent, Gauß’. TYPE, Pattern, Platform,Model,La`/1,Mold,ProtoUpe,Antiype,Exp-dä,

_ ^_‚— — .—_

l

Original, Copy, counterpart, Draught, Sampler, .Prooj‘,DupIicat¿a схем

pliße,prefigura’. '1'he Patient, relating to fome peculiar capacity in the thingprjomeßtneßin

re/peâ' of time.

( lißcation.

l 4 ìCONDlTlONßrovißnSalvojn cafè,Term,Caf’,State,lil¿ng,Habit,‘Qg¢a l . OCCASION al, Eoeigence> Emergence, Advantage, Opportunity, draw,

_-—_—'—_—^-—-“—_"—_—.

l provo/@,/candaL

_~»`_`_

.

(abated,

tSome third thing, by which the force of the Eßïcient is' either increafed or ADJUVANT, Help,Aid,Aj/ißance, знати’, Кейс]; Support, Advantage, auxiliar), _ßib/idiary, avail, conduce, promote, farther, ßand in fiend,

5‚

ßipplj, accommodate, ß’rve, Co-adjutor, abet, take one: part, ßand by, a fla] to one, forward, mini/ler, relief, back one. IMPEDIENT, hinder, Obßacle, Remera, Clog,Bar„dehar,ogìruëía`mm.

ber, Rnb,Chec/{, Dam,Luggage,Lnmber,Baggage,Prtjudice, Dißidvantage,

forti/low, lett, fiop, Dlßérvice, fla), Лат!’ in the wir), trigg, keep bachl rg. l Лили, withhold, interfere. LFor whoß [феи thing ir: to which may be annexed the general name ofЛи!’ thingr и have any tendency to thepromoting of it. (Reafom/ïnal, tend. 6.; END, AzmtMark , _Goal,Dr1f~t,Intent, E_Ú‘eů', I’urpojëßejígnßcopgßzke, Reach, MEANS, Way, Shift, Expedient, accommodate. kInternal, fuch as are within the Effeä as its chief conftituent parts, out of which a thing ir made, and of which it conlills 5 ог bj which a thing ir con/titu на! in it: being, and dißinguijhed from all other things. {MATTER-iol, Staf, Subßance, Argument, Subjeů, Boot ar fre-boot,&c.

’L

7‘ там-„1, Eßence. ‘

E 2

ш. ThOfe III. Those general Names which may be styled Differences, are too numerous to be placed under one common Head according to the method designed in these Tables, and therefore are they here reduced unto three Heads: whereof the first contains such as do not immediately imply any relation to Action, and are therefore styled more absolute and common, namely, those more universal Affections of Entity whereby several things are differenced, so as to make them DIVERS from one another. (another, several, sundry, varyiety, dissonant, to and fro, up and down, multiplicity, choice, different, others, Heterogeneous) to which the notion of IDENTITY, Very, sameness, all one, unvaried, may be properly opposed, importing an Unity or Agreement in the same Essence.

These are distinguishable into such Difference: of things as imply a respect unto Something without the things themselves.

(pre/Denham of them.

The Under/tanding t, in regard of the (видит), or incongruit) of thing: to our ap l {'I RUTH, true, Verity, vergh'c, 2м‘г],КщЬ1,Ь001%,п‘геута3дЬу,/1/@д’‚рг01ш12/е. Z I' FALSI-100D, falle r]1'e, lírror,erroneouc, untrue» ’

‘Ihe Will 5 a: to the Н agreementpr drßgrecnient ol things with that Facultyfo as to be rend red dtfirable or avoidable. 2.{(`IOODNESS, Waal, Pte/fare, right, regular, we”, reft'rfìe, better,be]l.

'

EI/ILNrSS, ill, bad, naught, wronq,antzjf,ßtrewd,fŕur1ly, Í¢’1vd,horrid,horrible, I

corrupt, Pravitj, deprave,.s‘in, “1111,?тф’аЕ‘Нац/рф-тщ Peccadil/o, wor/e. I The ‘ Their nature nabcdbelng, of thing:or in not „лещ/Нос: being. 5 as to

’

l {POSITIVENESS, The/ù. '3' PKlI/A‘IIVENESS, Privatìon, bereave, deprive, depofe, put out, or fbrth, take Il l

l

away, ßrip, deve/l, di/j'erfê, ‚тиф; dig‘urnrjh.

'Their being, or not being what they arepretended to be.

_

СЕЫЦПЪЕПЕЗЗ, right, arrant, rank, very. natif/e, legitimate, true, currant. _

l < 4'Éò'P‘ZIRIOZ‘SNESS., штате!э baßard, j'alfe,l illegitimate, improper, adu/terine,

È

bafe, nti:begot, fòphrjltcated.

‘

Their degree: of being; Whether pre/ent, or future and in poíïibility. AC'IUA LNESS, Exißence, extant.

' s“IPOTENI MLN-Ess, Hefaerßan, may. can. l Their Extenjian; being |l шрифт” d by baund:, or not fb circunijìribed,

`

(ded.

6 {ПЫГГЫЧЕ59‚ а’фт!е‚в1е!егт1пес1‚11т11еа’‚Ь0Ип‘1е‹1‚7егт‚(`0’ф‘пе‚811п#‚сапе/и

' INFINH ENESJ, end/qi, indehniteJ unbounded, дятел/е, indeterminate, unli ‚ rnz'ted, unrneaßirablc, inêxhau/lible. ‘ Their (au/et. (feriour Agent. ' Eßïcient; Whether

the order of cornnton Providence, or the :Íeill cfßrne in

NATURALNESS, right, native, wild, carnal, участницы!) jupernatural. 7`I FACTI? IU‘USNESS, artificial, technical, made. ' l

Material, being either without allpart: and cornpqfítionpr beingjìich, to the _fra i nting qfwhichfeveralpart: and ingredient: do concurre Ё

ЗЫМРЦСПТ, tnere, jhcer, clear, ji‘ne, plain, right, pure, unrnixed, Ingre

l 8A i Y * f_nv

dient, jingle, unconrpounded. MIXEDNESS, mingle, compound, blend fhußle,Med@,Mi/îel/anßprornúuour, мире", Contnzixtion, штрих; complicate, confound, intertuingle, низ-роду, Gallinzaufrj, Rhapfòdy,€enton,daßi,brew.

Formal.; being in ßtch a ‚дат to which nothing i: wanting, or elfe wanting [дие thing of what the] may andßtould have. З PEKFECTION, ab/olute, intirefull,accurate,exaů‘,exquißtQpunäuaLPreci/ë, conlp/ete,conßentnzate,accontpli J jlriät‘,plenar},throughb,naature,up,at the top. 9 IMPERFECHON, incomplete, lame. 1V. That Ch'ap. I.

Tranfcendentalr General.

'

42 9

IV. That kind of Dilference betwixt things, which relates to Aóti- W' m1"

ons @mindering the End,m..y be fined DisAonEAßLEuEss, .mam- ¿Egli-¿$5 ble, difêrepant.

fhe‘END 0f

FIo which may be oppofed the Notion of CQNVENIENCY, agree- “hm” nient, agreable. ßetabfe, jerving, cornrnodiour.

Thele may be diftinguifhed into fuch as are ' More Simple 5 denoting their _ ‘ Рйпфк o promote, or hinder our well-being. ' l PROFITABLENESS, Advantage, Betreft, Ernoluinent, тему},

Concern, Boot,Frnit, 'Uli/it), Cornrnodioua, Ediß'e, [fand iff/led, i I’

i.

i l

<

pernitiour, локти, noijonr, damniße, endarnznage, impair, an

no] , diÁv/eq/ure , na’ught for , vermin, weed.

i <

i -

good for, avail. — H'Z RTI' ‘ZJLNESS, Haren, Prejudice, Dijadvantage . Darnrnage, Dgßoreßt, Nujance, Mifchief difconznrodioua,nocent, ßtrenvd turn,

Sutablentß’or unjutablencßto our appctiter.

âPLhAâANiNhSS, Delight, ¿'onzplacenee,injojrnent, fixtifallion, i 2.

рис‘, tabing,delicioua, Paradife. СОЫРЬЕАЗАЫ? NESS, lîegret,dr]plegßng,qñrßveJroublQgrievol/r,

i uneaße,painful. ‚ ‘ lffgreableneßor Dijî/greableneff of things to Right reafon. f DUENÍ: SS, Duty, ought, fhould, Hondt, owe, part, incumbent on.'

S’î UIND‘UENESS, ought not, dlllronefì. ' - More mixed implying a refpeft to the nature of the end,as to its ‘ t‘Capacity or Incapacity of exißing. POSSIBILI'I Y, Fedible, nia), can.

4’iIMPoss1ßrLIir, cannot te. i

Degree: ofgoodneß; whether fuch as are like to anfwer the delires, by proving ver)lgreat and conliderableor fuch as are like to dilappoint the delires. by proving to be very little or none. < IMPORTANCE, of Mon1ent,Conjêquence,Strength,Force,~Weight, I 5. Ё material, corßderable, pithj, pregnant, файл, it naattcreth. 'l VANITY, Yrifte, trivial, frivolous, Fаура)‘, Getvgatr, Knack, Toy, Девы/{Д ßight, light, fruitley?, ßdling, void, титры)’, Bauble, ,Gaul/et, ,Qur/g, Gambol, to no boot, to nopurptjê,

I

’ tlg/leem among/t' good nien 5 whether fuch as they are like to think we!! of; as deferving praife and reward , or to think illof; as delerving fhame and punithment. ’ ìWOR THINFSS', Merit, De/êrt, Value , детей! , cheap , dear,

6.

price, preciovr, depreciate. UNWOR'I HINESS, Vile, Mean, Poor, undeßrving, indign.l

V. ПИТЕ Tranfcendentalr General.

„e30 ‚'

Part. II.

V. DIFFEKENCES of things relating to the. MEANS, may be di fiributed into fuch as are '

Y. DIFFE RENCE re~

kring to the

rMore Simple, denoting the being of things

MEANS.

l ‘l’Good 5 as good is determined by La» 5 whether according to Lato, or not again/ì it. LAWFULNESS, legitimate, right, legal, canonical, orderly.

" шшггвввысв, adiaphorouc. Cn/lom or opinion 5 whether fueh as the ‘generality of men do

= l 5

‹

l

think nie/lof and praCtife, or ‘Мг/(е and avoid. ÈDECENCY, Decorum, meet, Я‘, feemlj, делайте, becoming,

l

a.

camel] goodlj.

l Il "

INDECEŕCLßIîdecorum, ;tnmeet, urft, unfcenilj, unhand/orne,

штате], mi e eemmg, ugj. ’ tFree from ш! 3 whether of I

0

1 Hurt 5

‹

î’SAFETY, Security, fiere, tute/ary, innoxiouc, fave, protec'ï, in

l l

< .¿ ß¢re,indernntf1`e, warrant, Sanöluar), Shelter, Refuge. ‘3' |DANGER, Haqiard, Peril, Теории’), unßfe, rick, rventure, ad 1 lventure, endanger, expoß, incur. tLahor and l’ain5 inthe

I

Agent; the Doing of things with little or much labor. EASINESS, Facil ‚щит, clear, gentle, light,

l

4' DIFFICULTT, Hard, weiße, ешь/‚ш, intricate, Мент,

i l

ßreight, Perplexity, rub, knot, grave/ing, hardput to it.

|l

Patient 5 Thejufering of things with little or no Iabor,or with much. {SENTLENESS, Ea/ìncß‘, fòftmj?, ßill, tenderly, gingerlj. `

s'

’

IOLENCE, hotßerow,

rough, har/7), hln/lering, трети,

force, raz/yh.

’

`_Comparative 5 of the "Nature of the rneam to one another5 whether mutual/)1 agreeing 'as ha tо

ving the fame asare kind ofapt affections, or ‘Иду-сет; as having kind of afi'eê’tions to exclude one another out of fuch the fame

Гцыеа'.

Í

CONGRUITY, Sutablencjî, Agreablencß, Sympathy, conjonant,

ё 6.

compatible, right, appoßte , ‚Едим‘, apt, adapt, corni/lent, accord,

— =I t

софтт, accommodate, comply. CONTRARIEATT, Repugnance, wit/Jiand, again/l, unjîttable', Anti

perzßa tr, counter, „ф incongruoua, inconßfíent, incompatible, interfere.

‘l’J/êfulneßor ‘Unufefulneß‘of means to an end, whether in rLower degree.r5 when there is a fair probability that a means may l either’prornote or hinder the end. < Í{EXPIEDIENCEI,Con'oenience,behoov_fì¢l,meer,ft,perquütefequftea I7’ INCONl/ENIENCE, Inexpedience, unrneet, unß't, incommodioua.

Higher degree5 when there is a certain dependance betwixt the means and the end. To which may be oppofed that kind of nexuc betwixt means and

end, which is altogether uncertain and doubtful. ÉNECESSITY, needful, regni/ite, eßentíal, lfhould, nzuß,ßreight, 8

exigent, force, perquißte, preßìng.

‚

CONTINGENCE, Venture, adatenture,rnay,Accident,peradventure,

adventitiour, fortuitoua, incident, happen,pcrhapr.

6 ‚тише Chap. I.

ММ

VI, Thofe more general refpeůs and habitudes which feveral things YL MODE

or notions have to one another, are (tiled by the name of MODE, nean

ner, way, fort, fajhion,guijë, wife, garb, тиф, form alit}, kind. 'Ihefe may be difhnguilhed into fuch as are I'Internalg` denoting that

In which another thing езгф‘жэ or 'the thing jh всё/15:13 in another SUBJECT, liable, obnoxioue, expojêd, так", Text, Theme, under l.

goe, capable.

ADj‘UNcT, грима, inherent. About which a thing i: itnplojed. ‘ i a. OBJECT', niark, lß‘ope, butt, treat, handle, тише with, have to do with. lLExternal 5

With which thing: are accompanied or done 5 according to the l i Kind: of them, either in General, or Люда/д of fuch things, as are I I I ‚

remarkable for Extraordinarinefs and Статей. ЁСШ CUMSTANCE, Rite, Ceremony.

< 3. SOLEMNITY, Grandeur,flate, Pornp,Port, celebrate,ßlenanize, Rite.

I

l LConjêquenceojr` them; or that habitude refulting to any thing from ‹ -f the coníideration of all its circumliances together. I i 4. Eßateßoïdition, Cafè, j'unäure,Lil<gng,ntanner,paßpzchle, l ё

1g t, in] шт. in ooknonfn. re air. Bypwhich thinggic

_

—

i 5, SIGN, Badge, Token, Marh, Note, S}ntptorne,Sjnzbol,Index, Indica v' tion, Cue, Print, Scarf, Track, Signature,ßgnijïe, Beacon,becÍ{en,BoatÍ,

l ртом, pre age, Prodigie,portenton:, ontinoue, außoicionc. l lkAccording to w ich an)l thing i:,or i: donc, relating either to the

‘ Order obferved in the being or doing of things, whether by '- Oneper/on or thing after another who hath left hi: place, or for ano

l ther who is onely „ifm from his piace. I I 6 ЁКООМ, as Зш’сеДдга Caliph, apply, place. <I ' STEAD, as_ßibßitute,Магнит, jêrvefor,jîtccedaneona, De l '

par) , Surrogate, Vicar , Delegate , шее-‘ветви: , Atteurnej, Broaker, Рада", т lien, Liet/tenant, Proäor, Prox).

¿Twoperßm or thing: either one after another, or one with another. 7

TURN, Coutß, alternate, [ec-ond, bont. ° RECIPRO CATION, rnutual, interchangeable, interconçů,

сон-фонд. ' Í Ё Meaßere: of Being, whether the more General naine for fuch thea lures,difíerenced according to more and МВ, or that [жди lq'nd

‘.1

which denotes the jodain and jhort Being or Doing of any thing ° according to a greater meafure. (and little. 8 ÍfDEGPtEE, gradual, a ßiice, aßrein, gradation, leaßtrelj, by little

l

` UMPETUS, Fit, Paroxjfrn, brunt, cra/b, ф", pang. Муфта: of Being; with reference either to fome common agree

il. E. .lim-.A-

` nient and mutual dependance,or to fome incotf/lßency betwixt Идет. ЁСОСНАТ ION, Aßnitj, Nearneß. 9° OPPOSI'IIUN, атм/метр; contrary, counter, repugnant, with

ßand, againß, „др, thwart, other'I jîdtgadverfe, Antagonii‘î, An tithejn, confront, iinpugn, oppugn. Tran Tranfcentlentalr Mixt.

32

Part. Il.

e TRANSCENDENTAL Relations MIXED, may be diliributed into fuch as do belong either Q‘LSIANTI‘IY, as conlidered ( to ore GENERALLY.

I

More rellrainedly , to I

CONTINUED QUANTITY.

<

DISCONTINUED

II

UANTITY.

III

I @ALITY , as confidere more Í г LARGELY

IV

STRICTLY. V VI ` L WHOLE and PART. I. TRANSCENDENTAL mixed Relation: belonging to @ANTITY conlidered MORE

1. Tranfçcnd,

Relations of GENERALLY, may be dillributed into fuch as do concern the meafureof things compared ei (LuANTlTY

MORE.

roi/m things of the fame kind or company

GE-

f Indefinitely; as to

NERAL,

(rl-,gr with

‘

l'Being or Subllaiice, namely when the things compared are confidered

‘ f singly and intirc, Being either of an ordinary Iize,or more or le/i then ordinary.

I

o

r iNnirrEitEisca, Pmi, tig, pagaba, fea/mile, ‚ь ‘а. t.

l i | i

I

i~

GREATNESS, Magnitude, ample,large,vafhhuggimmenß,grandgnonflrouß p10 di iori.t,{òuml, 'ivirigin ‘Кайф; deal,'n vjfbul dej,, whiileer, Судя‘. main, much, mag nife, agg пиши, ernggeran , LITTLENESS, Smalnejì, Perry, Minute, Modieum, Standing, diminutive, laß, leaŕ},poof,tihate, alla), ‘химии, Elf, Dwarf, Shrimp, Tit, Dandipmt, P/gmy.

I

LConjunHly; as conl’ifling of feveralindividuals or parts, whereof there are together nn ordinary numher, or more or [ф thm ordinary.

1 2 ЁМЕВ1ОСК1ТТ, a pretty deal, an indiferent quantity, mean, кармы“. ‹[ ° i" ABO'UNDANCE, яхты: deal, much, a world, affluence, plenty, llore, copious, i'fig/h, jlm'nte, flow, fluengluxurianr, enough and to лит‘. SCARCITI‘, Liitleywant,deanl,pinchin , fram, lian, ]с}ипе,1ас(.

l

<

‘il l

j

Uff, with refpeët to the quantity of it, wher er fuch as may by its juli proportion promote the end, or fuch as may hinder it,by being too тип/1, ог too little. i I 3’

SUfFlCIENCY,enough,/aig or much euouglr,ronzpetene;,rnoderare,fatiißgßrve,wellful EXCESS, Redundanee, „(рт/1141:], neerlleß, exuberance, teo much, overmurh, wef i chaîge, eloyŕ,l gìlutt, flut/Zet, [шеф ‘хп’ете, immodemte, luxuriartt, rank, out of rea~ on 'wa your a out. I l DEFÉÍÍL‘LI", Aït’jelnzâtglâlark, need, pemefy, irrdigent, meeßitous, deflitute, ‘птиц/‚111,‘ a denoting orto e the er,jejun¢, нет, @aan oifit, being ofineom a thing of in

in виден’.

ordinary gooadnefr, or more or Щ} then l INDIFFERENCY, Pretty well, tolerable, not ami/Ã'. (ordinary. i

EXCELLENCT, extraordinarygood, efninence,prehem"nenee, egrrgionßeximioue, incom

parable, fir erlat'ive, fovemign, tran/cendmt,_ßngular, heroic, high, no1/le, gallant, choice, МЛ}: ‚так, remarkable, rtotahle, Paragon, Mirfour.

l I.

t SORRJNESS, mean, poor, vile, trivial, contemptible, dejpimhlqßipperyßî'a/L, Imm pery, Raf, lfcnm, Dńtgbljilly, flight, paultrßjrnrvy, poor,eourfe, flat, perlling, cShÃap,_wÃrthS_/t,b1~ellzl)twl,l Siga/i, ëolrlnpgmpìn, Кар“, Varlet, так’), Scoundril, i щит‘; ~, :istorp-jnc , nu , reim, п‘: i i i .i е.’

l

1 Being; either of the fame degree, or more or left.

EQLLALITY, Бампер, parity, peer, match, шт, adequate, eeguipollmt, adjufl, 5’ {INEQQALITI} unequal, addr. (halve: with, a: типу“!!! one. (l S'UPERIORITI', ahorre, upper, advantage, odds, preheminence,furmount, ovrrpaji, ‚

IÃx’rîíLgo jeyorîd, aryl-g3, get the Burnt, top, exrjlll, pref/ril, predominant. ‘_

i

‘

un er~irxg

l а varita e,a aprome

'ZJ/e; as means to an enti, when one’ thing hat ‘L as another, or more or lili'.

orto

ofw.

the jame degree: of’iîtnefs for an end

6 {[@IVALENCL пишет/111. ’ ‘ BETTERNESS.

l

WORSENESS.

Ihemßlver ; in refpeéì of their ¢ ` l i' Being or fubllanee,either continued the fame,or changed to lmore or left,

è AT A STAND. (prove,rt/È,grow, gam,come forfwtmlnrefìelnt. INCREASE, Augmentation, progreß,inerement, enlarge,magmße, ampliße, идти/мыт i DIMIN'UTION, ,15mn 13,1", fwage, ajfwnggdefreaje, extmuate, mince, mitigate, alla),

A l _

retremh,rehnte, fhrinle.

_'

_

(LUALITYin generabeither continuing in an ordinary degree,or being changed to more or leß. < 8 ,JUST TEMPER. '

i í

ì

INTENTION, heighten, Rrein, raife, aggravate, exaggerate, сидит“, mhaunre, acute, i cutting, keen, fore, piercing, vehement, urgent, eager, earneß, deep ‚Дни ama/n, greatly,

much. (_[lendereweale , dead,dilute,dull, filmt, gentle, light. REMISSION, Ahate, allajnflalehjlackm, Ífri/age, aß‘fwage ‚Штйнф:2 mitigate,ßight,cold,

i 'Z2/ë; when things either continue as they were,or elle become more or lelrgosd. L 9'

KEEPING AT A STAY. {lmprovbI-s‘diße, hatch, „нм, clont,patch,Progreß,adv/rnef. MENDING, emendation, hettering,Repar.1t:omlůeformatiomRei‘lauration, rorrefhrea'rejr, _ MARKING, lSpoiling, D¢prave,1mpair,jpill, taint. alloy, tuur, corrupt, „мы“, waff, II. Tran Chap. 1.

_ Trańfcendental: Mzxt.

33

и. mfifcmm Mixed www," bein ing го усоыпыпгёв mff'fgńfëèvgì.' QUANTITY, may be dìßì'nguifhed into thö cvarious rh‘eäfures 'of d_i- Ё? ogm- ’

fiance according to «the difference of mi@ or 1“, with mfp-ea' ci- мы; ther ro

nn‘

fijne; from END to ЕМ.‘ i ‘ LENGTH, wn, Longitude, yrolong, pratrnâ', eelçe ont, extend, te-4 I. diens, pro/img?. ' SHORTNESS ‚ brevity, Сжатие/Г, abbreviate, curtal, abridge, re/lrain, c0n1pendiow,ß¢cein¿l.

Superßcie: ; from fide to Gde. ‹

BKEDTH, Widemß, Latitude, Largenqï; ¿mylene/Í, @acidi/4, di

IQ. Ё

late, enlarge, extend.

-‘

NARROWNESS, Strezlg/Jtnqß, Scantneß, clzfê, cofnpreßd, рт} ejed,re/lrain.

ì

Bod); reckoning from

i

Тор to 5mm.

‘

ÉDEEPNESS, profound, Abjß, jim' into,l.»igß.

1

_¿Boum 3- sHaLLoWNEss, to Top. Ford, swure,neprqßîon,lm, flat. I 4,.

` -.> Í ‘

HIGHNESS, Altitude, exa/t, elevate, Soar, дым, tu”, left), proper, touring, advance, raìjê, aloft. »-` LOWNESS, abaß», bring down, дар-ф dung/ì, netber

’

LA”, super/friet to the appoßte. ÈTHICKNESS , 5.

`i

Cral/inde , grof: ‚

deep ,

z‘neraßàte,y

raun

e‘ì‘val.

ТН1ЫЫЕ88, Люда‘, ßne, jlz‘fn , lank, flank, Лёд‘, remix),

garant, rare, [вы/с, attenuate.

F

III. Iran 34;

_Tranfcendentalt Mixt. ‚

Part. .II _"

nlJtmffw-f ш. ¿grandma 1re/.nm of DISCONTINUED.. QUANTITY ЁЁЁ‘ЁЁ; “for Number,may be diftributed into fuchas are either — 'z T

ifi'

i

Eb а: comparative, denoting either а `greater or leßer number then ordi

gY‘ANÜ ~ i“

nary. | ÉMULTITUDE, wan), numerous, a world of, multiply, {пена e, <î I.' FEPWlf/Ègssïßl’auczftj, ro a ate ore, шпиц/дек, rout.elimini/li' decreafêî тф‚с"от1_г/этаид‚ [та/1 number, ‘Ми,

ing. tePvßtiveg concerning the rNumber of things, whether _ l One, ornrpre then one.

SINGULAKITY, Individual, numerical, ‚щи.

„ z2' PL‘UMLITT, more

'

_'

«So/ne or AL’. ÉPÁRTICULARITY, ßecial, peculiar. ‹ 3’ 'ZJNII/ERSALITT, Стили], (‚п/„1164, Oecurnenical, :mno/ì.

’ -

Kind: of things, whether One kind, or AL’ kinds.

SPECIA‘LNESS, peculiar,particular.

4' GENERALNESS, All. fart: of which number «МНЕ, whetherEqual or ‘дивана! Units.

i

,k W EVENNESS, Parity,V ,A ‘ 5‘ ODNESS; {три-19’, uneven.

i Радио” of things numbred, denoting their ‚Ч ’Being in а _ßate offeparation from others, or in aftate of conjun

`~

` ¿lion wit-h Íeveral others.

‘J y

SEQREGATENESS , _[ê‘ver, fet apart 0r a

“‘¿'

e, ¿nab/ir, Ana

ш”), piece-meal, la) retail, diß‘ence, di ‘Наше, one la) one, Parce/r, bjpole. '

AGGREGATENESS, Traìn,'1'r0op, CanapanjJ’arty, ScuÍLSwarnz,

” Team, Flock, Heard, Pac/(_, Cov), S/Jeaf; Bale, Bundle, Fardle,

î

Bunch, Glu/ler, Groß/1] Меры‘. ` Order, belonging either to Thingr, or to Wordt. ’ SERIES, Rank, Row, Clafr, fuceeßìve, Chain, Cour/5,1ìace, col ` 7. ì

lateral, Concatenation, Alphabet.

CATALOGUE, Index, Table, LiL/l, Role, Bi”, Serale, Terrier, a particular, Cargo, Inventor), Mißcßirnpannel, Genealogy, Pe digree, Vocabulary, Diä‘ionary, Lexicon, Nonzenclat0r,'A/nza _

nach, Calendar.

Parti` of an aggregate being all together. 8. SUIT, Pack, Set, Me/t, ailing. ~'

lV. Tran Chap. I.

Tim

lV. Tranfèendentallîelationi belonging t0 QUALITY, ai corjìdered W-Tf‘mfœn

Mone LARGELY, may be annahm-d im@ meh kind of Relations as äîìgï‘ç‘ëçf are either

'

‚

marge.

Sing/e5 containinga refpeft to the

‘

l fCanfe ofa thing, whether none or any, The being ofa thing,the firfi of

Í

its kind` or not.

I

ÉPRIMITIVENESS, Root, original, [игр/е, nnderived.

, L_ l‘JERII/ATII/.ENES‘SQ conjugate, Notation, Etymology, tranfmilßon.

l г ВЁЗЖЭЮЁЪТЕЁЁСКЬЫ without or with any other between. ` MEDIÁTENESS. t

Next '

_

of being, whether of it _fe/f, or by virtue Ofjîimethi'ng l мы?“ 2. ’ intirely ' e e. ` ‘ › Í ABSOLUTENESS, Independent, Freehold.

l

3- DEPENDENCT, Under. «I l Degree: of Being or Caufality, whether /aperior and before all others, or inferior, and after fome others. PRINCIPALNESS, Chief, Special, Ringleader, fâveraign, fiipreme, _ 4

paramount, jïrß, main, arch, prime, primary, capital, cardinal ’

fundamental, Top, Head, Illa/ler. ACCESSORINESS, Abet, adherent, jëcondßompanion, Party,(`opart

y

ner, Complice, Appendage` Label, Appartenance, „дышит, col lateral, con/ciotat, privy, _fide with, bach, parta/ie, participate, by

l

the way, by the by. Mutual; whether more ’ Рфй‘ие 5 fignifying one thing either to have or not to have Relation ' to fome other.

г PERTINENCY, belong, appertai'n,appofi`te, to thepurpqßyonching, 5.

concern, material, relate to,`ß'rve for, incumbent on.

l

‹

î

IMP‘R'IINEA'CT, not to thepiirpiú,'~.extravagant,` Лет/ф wide from the matter, wild, idle, improper. М устраните, denoting (uch relation to belong onely to ‘one 'or `few, or to many.

6 ' ЁРКОРЕКЫЕЗЗ, COMMONNESS, incommnnicable,owner, ig/iial, vulgar, шутит, general,prtylitute. peculiar, concern. ‘s` `` ' '

‚

F 9-

J

к’

д

‘

V. Tran; y

m“Tranfcenfilentall' Minet,

Vffrfmfœnil-n Relation?

more Пишу.

‘Пал/Видели! Relation: of

Part. Il

QrUALT'Ivç-conßdered

MOKÉ

STR ICTLY, may be diftributed into fuch as do concern either thcir rBeing ‘ The jante or divert. i LIKENESS, similitude, jlniilar, a zmilate,re/ën1ble, reprcfcntation 1

Specie: Idea Image Eßigier Portraiture.

l ÉUNLIKEI’VESS’, Dil/in’zí/itudcfdil/ìmilar,degeneratie. l Circumßancer g whether fSpecial, relating to their lf Place,either the being of things in their duepgßtionßor out of their

ìl

duc places.

g Суд-511%’?2110"‚Мс1Ь001,атм;,!т1тИ1е,та›;/Ьа1,та1{у,йпframe, 1_ po e c ige range. CONF 'ZJS’1UN, l)wrderßhapfödjßhao:,GaUimaufr ,tumulti-ont,

lll ll. l ,c ‹

l

l l I

l

coyl, dijbeveled, diß‘anked, out of frame or order, promiycuoac,

lPrcpojterom, Ь z ь Ruffle, 1' uShußle u ’ fcamble, nerr), ur) ur] pe me .

clutter, blunder, J'umble, _ Time, either the being of thingsac ‚фа/д the) are, or their being othernnje then commonly the] nj@ to be. ` ` §ORDINARINESS, common, Wal, trivial, currant.

3"¿IïX'IH/IQR'D‘ÓIÍV/illîINESS, fí'range, uncâmth, unaßtal,umnented, of note nota с, notariato: О щ‘; Para ox.'

General, The being of things ‘заем-‘11% to certain rule: or not fo. REGULARNÉSS, right, тайге, rule.

4’ EXORBITANCT, Irregularneß', Enormit), Dißrder, extravagant, Ii centiour, wild, fault_y,wrong, loofe, immoderate, unruly, unbridled,

`~`

out ofjèuarc, laß) out, Hetcrocljtc, Anania/ow. _ Being ‚(птиц either to man)l or few. PU BLICKNESS, Notorionr,famouc,common,extant,open,l>eing out,

5°

, l

or abroad, Declaration, Manifeßo, lìemonßranceßdition., Promul gation, fet forth or ont, jhm», jpread, Митя, publi/h, proclaim, di ` 11u/ge, denounce, produce, poß up, conte to light, high way.

PRIVATENESS, underhand, clancular, claude/tine, retire, between tbengßlver.

LMixture with or addition of other things, when they are iBetter for„под mixture, or Woife for being without it lORNATENESS, adorn, jet out, Deck, beaurlji'e, embelli/lntrimm, ` f —« 6. ‚

‘I

tric/g, tire, garni/h, fleuri/h, dreh". prank, Ornament, Grace, flo rid, neat, [таза/Риге,е1с$ат,9иат1,Листа/де,3а],3аиа)‘,30г

geom“, flaring, garijh, jlaunting, Gallantßparlg, Bracelet, Plume, Garland, Ouch, Sie.

1

r. .,_ . _ _

B lHOA/JELINESIS, ßtnple, rough, rude, untrinzmed,ploin, bald. etterfor being withoutßtch mixture, or worjê for it. ’ PUKITY, Cleanneß, linde/fled, Афиша, ßnc, тф‘пе, щщмшд, 7. jìoure, purge, puriji'e, clarifie, depuration, neat, abjleijîve.

DEFILEMENT, иным, тршщ , ‘те/ели , fm1, fqualid, bedawb, befmear, bezvraj, contaminate, flabber, flabber, Лиса",

jbil, _btb/j, pollute, daggie, flurry, fmutch,fnutt, ftain, ado), сш

rufe, .1t/11. VI. That Chap. I.

Tranïfcendental: Tůixt.'

37

VI. That thing which is made up of (счета! 1еПег things united toge- VI. Ttanfcen. AL', ther Utter/),¿Ztriite is called by the and name clean,plcnary. of WHOLE,

Total, Integral, Intire, Stimm, PART,

Thofc leßer things, by the union of which another greater thing is made up, are ítiled by the common name of PARTS. Particle, Parcel, partial, Divide, ‚тяге, drflribntc, driblet, portion, piece, pittance. The tranßendental relations of whole and part are (uch as denote a refpeâ to gluem!) "Continued, in regard of the

{Qta/it); of Goodneßor Badncß‘of fuch parts. BEST PART, Qgintcß'ènce, Cream, Flower, the heartfïop. I' WORST PART, Rejufe,Scuntm,Dreggr, draft,dro_/f„ rabbi/h, tare, bran, chtwf, носит‘, ‘га/1’,garbage, еды.

I Tinte, either-that which is ßrfl taken, whereby the goodnefs of the whole is to be meafured, or that whichisßipcradded after the l n SAY, taße, touch,ßantling. ’ (whole. I ‘Ё " I/ANTAGE, ßirplu:,ovctpltor, to boot, over and above, over-weight, ‘ l corollaty,jîtpplement, vai/I'.

Place; fpecially in liquiab, either that part which in feparation doth I

‘I

ri/è to the top, orthat which fall: to the bottom. SCUM, Sander'er, Mother.

(dcfecate.

l 3- ЗЕВПИЕМТ, ß'tlingfaput тогдашний, 1ее1,с1те3:‚}%си1ет‚тс/‹‚

kFigure 5 fpecially in folids», whether Houndi J5 in greater parts, or in lqßir parts.

ÉLUMP, Bolo, Morf‘l, Bit, Cant/c, Luncheon,Gobhet, Hammock, 4

l

Stub, литр, grumotn, clottcd, clod, turfe,_/od.

POWDER, Mш, Вид, Corn,l Grain, Crum, Grate, moulder.

Oblong, made either by Cutting, or by Breaking, CHIP,Lamin, Scale,Flake, Flaw,Flitter,_[hive,Лёша‘,fplinter.

l l

I

5' FRAGA/IENT, Piece, Scrap, Sheard, tatter, Flitter, rag,`[breadjnip, ßive,jlice,cob/op, cut.

l Dijŕontinued 5

denoting the refpeól: of

L г.

A Part put to anotber, or the whole as‘being made up of_ßtchpartt. 6

ADDITUM , item, put to, infert, cke out.

' S'UMM, lay or couch together, ca up, count, draw to a head, come amount ‚фа; btheri, total inorthe ole. remaining фирм/э ta/¿ing iA ParttoJttt/¿en outDfrom thewwhole out.

`

¥ ‚ ЗАВЬАТПМ, abate, defalk, rctrench, dcduäl, ßcbduâ, ßtb/lraâ‘, 7

take awa).

RESID'ZJE, overpluf,jïtrplußrge, arrear, remainer, remnant, left be l ‹ hind, the other, the ‘ф, relichg, ort:, Тему, revetjïonr, gloaning, will, odd-cnd:,flnb:,ßump:,ßubble. ’ A Part repeated a certain number (уйти, f5 as to equal the whole, 0r

`l

the whole conhdered a: it is _ß made up.

8 миьтшывв, Side. l ’ PRoD‘DcT, reóîaagle. A Part taken out Íuch a certain number of time: a: leave: nothing of the whole, or that number of time: which is the correfpondent 9 DIVISOR. (part.

дрожит ТКАН

38

Tranfcendental: Relation: of Áëïioo Part. II. TRANSCENDENTAL nÈLÀrioNs oFV HAcTioN, may be

д

diftributed into fuch as are more SIMPLE. General.-

I

____

klff'f‘lfefdäfvr-

âS/Ier‘jdl; denoting either

(ßusiNEss. 1n.

‚

âSo/itar)l s wherein more then one perfon is not necefiàrily fuppofed. Socia/5 “herein more then one perfon is necefiarily fuppofed.

` EVENTS.

lTlON.

V

(COMMERCE. IV

Vl

(thingr, are fuch as do concern

i. TRANS.

l. 'lraryfrudeutal refpcfts of AfTlON SIMPLE or relating to [ingle

IÄêIŕAg-Ñ of i SIMPLE.

f'lhe General condition ofa thing denoting the making of it to be И’, or ‘APUTTllG, Set, Lay, .Maken (to be otherwifê.

I‘ А LTERING, (hange, Юг}, Mutation, ß’ift, Revolution, Vieil/linde, | One: right in a thing 5 whether

(Categ/irztphe, мстит/‚ф,

Í 5 fllaking бунт he hir, or not to be hit. АРРКО1-‘К1АТ1КС, пиши/ё! apart, engrofr, штора/Кв. 21 _ALIEN/1 'IING, ‘лиц/гл‘. tjlrange, ptt/fama] one: right.

Doc/.firing Yit to he lm, or not to be hir. u

.i ÈCLAIMING', Ontningßhal/enging, Dernand, arrogate, aßìn/Qprqftj?, ,i 3 .

. atttiluteafcribe, take upon hint, declarefor.

i" _

L ABDICATIIAG, cli/claim, cli/own, renounce, relinquijh,rqfu_fê, rejet?, rtpudiate, def'rgfor/Ítkç, di/àvow, difherit, cxecrate, [душем-‚де

f "

` ßitute, ведет/а} aßde, put away.

i One: Штат: 5 with refРей to the {Cat/jing of _a thing to be in one: Poßl/ion or not. TAKING, .S’ejìngßpprehendzng,rqitnie, jìtrprize, a nnte, intercept. .g _' LEAKIAÍG, I_ìelinqn/jh, Reßdue, jìIr/ake, filare. I Í . Being of a thing in one: poßel/ìon, or the not being qfjïich a thing in one: < I

p'oßcLl/ion a: he ought to have. ‚ _ ’ HAVING, in hand, hold, poßßf. v s'âW/INYING, indigent, lack, nnf’, need/ity, need, решу. l C

.Continuing a thing in one: Рис/Доп 0r not. 6 âI-IOLDING, Detain, Retain, Keep.

‚ ~

° ETTING G0, Dißniß‘jiirrender, give up, Shed, C'aß, шт, rg/ign. LThe Knowledge of thingr, with refpeët to the . l’Endeavour of knowing, or the goodßtcceßofßtch endeavour. I -‚ ЗЕЕКПЧЁ, [Еле/д,feelfor,grape, ran/rick, rummage, ,@feff, 7" FINDING, „мы, out,„пе/1 out, Foundling. (луч; a thing to be knoirnpr hindring it front being known. ' SHEWING, di/clcyì, deteëï, betray, reveal, dtjŕover, declare, de j ,y той/Эти, renten/irate, render. ., . ~ ___U’WCAQIVCEALING5 Hide,Shelter,Supprcf5’, Sculk lurk. Secret,`Private, l . Latent, occult, underhand, elije, clancular,c¿inde/line in a corner,

,i

inîhugger тише)‘, гесфёгштед/йпь ntich,fneak_,/lzp, orßealaroaj, "

cloke, veil,‘hoodwink, тих/ь rnußíe.

`‚

ф’а’ф’лд other: to be perfeöî/y known, or to be thought jb. MANIFESTING, Apparent, Evident,plain,jlqt, open, confpicuoua, 9;, >.iper/pieuauf, gbviouo, certain, clear, palpable, fbeuv, declare, certtße ' з(“3: jbrth, corne to light. .I ‘ SEEMING, Sernblance, Shew, Pretence, Pretext, ‘Z_)ntbrage, Colour, .

,

.

....7

f

a fhem, a blind, Fornzal,Appear,pal/tate,fain, bear in hand, naakt

auf, rnakejhew oßßteciouo, dtßuifê, Eyfervico.

‹

II. ‘Tran Щ

Chap. I.

Tranfcenclental Relation: of Áöîion.

39 _

Il. Tranfcendentallìelation: ojïióiion _COMPAKATEL are fuch as do concern. п‘ “Щ ‘fDiver: . _ thing: _ at thejàme tzme5 , whether fuch kind of Afhons . as from the nature'ltîmalánsm el . _

be Called

i

a

l

‘Сирена! of the Agents

‚ denoting

or Patients, the may

l

'i Caufíng if thing: to be together or a/icnder.

I

ì l l

I

_]OINING, annex,Connexion,couple,link, copulation,concatenation,conja„_

l

¿lion,Coalition,coherent,copulative,conglutinate,combine, compat?, fet grim;

l

a’ I. together. l SEPARATING, Segrcgate,ßtnder,fèver, едим”, divide, diijoinàdf/îmiieâdiß l

jêä, dijo/ve, part, take in piecer, di:junäz`ve. ‹

_ ’i ‘ ‘

. ~,

i 1 t Continuing them together or afitnder. ADHEARING, (Леша, flick to, cling to, hang together, coherent, in/epar„[,]e_ ° ABANDONING, F(„Ё/(г, Dejêrt, RelinquißJ,Leave,Forgo, Flinch, gint, Derek

шок, forlorn, dqiitutcgßaalìe or cafi of, ßart back, give over. i Mental; Putting of things together or a/under APPLYING, la) orput to.

‚

3’ ABSTRACTING. t»_ _-_ Both Corporeal and Mental 5 with refpeÜt to the _qu-_*

Taking in bf feveral things, or the leaving out of fome. ÈCOMPRÈHENDING, Contain, сетует, Implj, Involve, Incio/ê, Include,

{пе/‘фиг, hold, complication.

4

EXEMPTING, Except, reßrain, ~ß’clude, exclude, five.,/Ítlvo,feit g/îde. Putting of thing: together, the better to judge of their Iikeneß or'unlzkenqi, щ examining of them for the dißingui/hing of that which is right and true. COMPAKING, Conferr, Collation, rejêmble.

e

5~ TRY, Prove,5’earch,Temptation,Experinzent,te§l,touch, eocarnin„gagepnnfèpQ/êa

probe.

‘

l_ljheßme thing: at diver: timer, whether the lame as to rsubßance 5 Íignìfying either the doing of the finie thingЛюси! time:,or the making

of a thing to be dißerent at one time from what it ma: before. REPEA'UNG, Iterate, reiterate, recite, render, rehearß,redonhle,reduplicate, i 6 З

l

inculcate, ingerninate, recapitulate,renew, afreßmgain, Tautologbthe burden,

cHANGlNG, Mana-aa, cabalier, staff.

l ‚ IQnantity5 Thegiving hack of the veryjante thing,or offòncething elfe equal to it. l

KESTORING, Give back, Reßitution, refund, return, Reßauration.

I 7- COMPENSATING, Recontpenfê, award, make antend:, remunerate, quit, re. ‚ quite, retaliate, retribute, reparation,paying, ft, being even with, meet with, l make good, cr)l quittance, likefor like, onefor another. ` fatality 5 endeavouring tojhetv how another thing it, or to do the like, REPRESENTlNG, declare, [Ищи/ЛИ!) preßnt.

Ig’ lMlTATlNG, Mimick, рек/отл, take forth, follow. tia/ë âdaS means to an end , The making of a thing more _fît or ley? fit fir if,

en .

9‘

t

REPAIKING , ¿lending , Bettering , Improving , correâ' , reä‘i/îc ‚ „new reedifïe, Emendotion, Inßauration, Redre/Ír, Ё: to right, make good, mak; up, patch up, piece up. SPOILING, Marring, corrupting, дереве/сумрак, газе, ßrape or crq/Ír out,

еще: werkt. lll. Thofe

« ‘i

i

‹‚—.——__————

4o

Tranjcendental Relationr of Áäiion..

Part. Не

{ffl-2:12(- Ш. ТЬОЁЮМ of Aûions about which men befiow their time and labour, are B U S 1- .Called by the »general name of BUSINESS, „ради/ь Cbare,'1“ranß&ion Moneglia и E s s' дед Agent,negotiatc,oecupie, iclìleyneddle, intermeddle,dealing, iinplojnient,aůive.

То which may be opp ed the Negation or being free from (uch Aûions l‘iiied' LEAS’URE, Vacation vacant,idle or [pare tinte, unoccupied, râßrite.

Tranfeendental „шт of BUSlNESS,may bc diůribute into fuch as are ‘ Preview to it.

.Mental or Verbal.

DESIGNING, allot, appoint, plot, preordein, projeä'. 2 I ’ UNDERTAKING, enterprize,talte in band/Et #pongas/e.

(Íite materials.

Real r, either moregeneral or morejpecial, with refpeů to the providing ofrequi 2

PR EPA RING, Parade, Рустам‘, read), nea/te iva), jïtting, Tuning, Harbinger.

` . ` FURNISHING, Äî'qnipage, ‚миг, ready. Part: of it 5 whether

,fInitial, with refpeů: to the Firß entrance upon а buíinefëi, either Real or seeming. ÈBEGIINNING, 1псЬол’е,йпййа’дсоттепсе,Март’, Spring, Rijë, 01-13! nal, ßrß, fet about,_fèt [оп/з, jêt afoot, go in band witb, enter upon. 3.

i

OFFERING, Propoß, prefer, tender, bid, proponnd, overture.

(be done,

Application oftbe labor, either to the doing of any thing,or to know zvbetber it can ÈENDEAVOURING, Devoir, beßir, adoo, coyl, flic/(le, flrein,ßrive,ßruggle, фига make a ßir, do one: be/i, reacb after, la) ont for. 4

l <

ESSAYING, Trying, ja), attentpt, prove, ‘пир: ation,Te/t, Experience, enter

.'

prize,venture,jòund,taß,toucb,rnn the rick or adventure.

(longer tinte.

l Medial 5 with refpeeì to the time beftow’d in the doing of it, whether/borter or l

5~ <

ÉDISPATCHING, [да/105916011, big/9, onward,barry,precipitate,jpeed,Ce/e rit), Expedition,ßdain, apace, out of and, cnt/bart. ‚' I

PROTRACTING, Delay, dejèrt, retard, flac/een., „рт, tarrbfm/Im, linger,v prolong, lengthen, prorogue, procraßinate, dal/j, lagg,ßand about, tobi/ing about. of,pnt agr, pri/l of, /pin out tinte'.

i

{Final 5 with refpeft to t e

l

"End of*tbe Aòiion;

either the фаз”; ofwhat we undertake and profefs, or

1 l

our ailin in it. j PERFäRMING, Accompli/hing, Atcbieve, fufbveriße, clifibarge,execute, ’ 6. à keep, objërve, exploit, make good, bring topa/ì. . I I/IOLATING, infringe, break, trejpaß tranfgrtß {Aäion itßlf; whether Perfeël or Impetfeů‘. FINISHING, Conclnding,ending,accomplßinâfnß'l, performing, ceafe,give over, Period, Тerm,ultintate, laß, conßentinate, determine, di/patcbeel, clone, 7-

MgaágírâpT/Èîrëlapäipìßut up, wind np, elo/e np, draw tg ‘фут’, gbo‘tbi-ongb

, not az ing. ,rim erreurfe. ` Hinderancet of it 5 either rigbtljn ing the meant, or not :dingwit fonte of' t/Jeni.

j I

ÉERRING, Swerve, ‚(Ира/174}, a/iray, nti/take, overßgbt, deviate,falter,faßible. beterodox, Fallaej, wrong, antiß, awr), being ont, beßde the niark OMITTING, Preternez't, Wave, decline, default, фарс, lap/ê, leave, „ждем, balk, ftperfêdgoverlook, шарф: preterition, overßip, overt/(ip, let paß', paß

Ь; or over, la) aßde, bold one: band. iLHelpe of it; denoting either avoiding nti/lake: at the beginning, or „атм; nii ßake: afterwards.

PRhVENTlNG, Anticipate, Preview, aforeband, fore/lai, Рог-едите’.

9” авмввпыс, mangi, sii-ft, aftergme, Help. IV. Tran~ hap. I. ' Tranfcendental Relatiom” (др/46720”.

4I

1V. Tranfcendental relations of Aâion concerning fuch things as are {Í'îïanfœßŕ ' 3 10H5 0 alienated from one Район to another , are uíiially called by the General G51M

Name of COMMERCE, Entercourfegïraßck, Pratt-ick, have to do with. MERCE.

Thefe may be diftributed into {uch-as are _ ‹ Froe, and'l not upon confideration i I s Raj/ive 5 Not hindring one to talee or to do'.give wa), giveplace. 'l YIELDING, Sulfaring, permitting,

.

' SUBMITTING to. Aâ'ive ° ' Ä ' Inipet’feär, denoting зад/‘113,14? to part with, 0r a dtßre to have а thi ng. a ëGFFEKING,Prtfer,tender,exhibit,prelëntgeconinfendßblation. DEMANDING', Require, (hal/erge. .

I

Perßzâ'; with reíbcöt to the

<

Pqßßìon ofa thing 5 the Parting with it, or Taking of it. 5'

DELIVERING, Surrender, tranrßrrgefìgn.

2° RECEIVING, Take, entertain, capable, reception, receptacle. — г Right ofa thing, the Parting with it, or Taking of,` it. `

l

GIVING, Be/low, confer, render,>grant, contribute, гидов’, con

Yl

4. à Луи, Gift, Boon, Largeß, Collation, Donation, Donative, Gratis.

`|

ACCEPTING, Receiving, admini/ler, dijpenjê, cli/tribute, To

i benaand Fairing in goodpart.whether fuch ` as concern the ‘fondi/tional, upohtalee confideration,

’ Gau ing of Relation: by Aétions that are . 4 Real.;` The Parting with[лил/ли‘; of one: own for the ufe and‘in the 1 flead of another, or the rtfìoring what another hathfoparted with. ‚ I . '_ DISBURSING, Be/ìomdefray-,extendJay ont, Bntjarßrincipal. s' REFUNDING, Вера], return, reinzbnr/ê. i Verbal then:5 tothean Comparing e reality. and nica/firing ofparticular: Y ’ , or reducing ‘

RECKONI G, Conipute «Ноя, count, account, caß account, Cal

‹ 6. ‚ culate, Audit, «.S’core,y Tay). _ д l Relation; BALLANCING, them/elves enfuing Eveningupon of Accounts, fuch Atï’tions Quitting , whether fcorer,as having L ßnnewhat ofone: own in another: poßßionprjöntething ofanother: in one: own poßlfìort.

.

BEING CREDITOR, Lending, Loan. l 7'

BEING DEBTOR, 0wing,Debt,uponfcore, in one: boekt, behind hand, Arrear.

tCeaßug or dmolution of_[ìich relation: by fome Aft of the ’

- ВеЬйо’; either by reßoring what if due, or by being rendred unable for it.

З PAYING, rDiefraj, difcharge, jatñfe, reintburjf’, Annuity, Poun- ё 8. dage, Shot, re/ponfible. Í

FAI LING, Break , Banbrout.

LCreditor-3 Aclenowledging re/ìitution, or Giving awa] hi! right to it. ACQUITTING, Difŕharge, детище, Receipt, clear accountr. 9’ FORGIVING, Reruitting, pardoning, put up, ~.. .

.t

`

G

'i

`AV.TI1€ 42 i

Tranfcendental Relations of Aöi'z'on. Part. ll

Ч. EVENT» t V. The General name forthat which follows upon Aûions, elpecially as it relates to the end for which At‘ìions are done,is EVENT, Идти, Шйе, rgßilt, emergence, accrue, осени’, come to paft’,fall out, befad, betide, en jue, prove, redound, happen, light,jiiceede, Lui k, Fortune, End, Sequel, Suc cejí, incident, coincident, intervene,jiipervene, take eßeôl, how farei, goei, ßieedi it, come if it, come to good or to naught. Tranfcendental relations of Aftion belonging to Event, may be diliti buted into inch as do concern the ' ÍExi/ling or not trilling „фа Enddcligned. _ _ — OBTEININU, Acquire, get, procure, attain, reach, gain, compaß‘, re l з cover, take, win, catch, come [трек up. FEUSTRATTING, Fail,di_/appoint defeat,deceive,elude,crqî come

‚Доп ф/Ъф (if, put by, ofno eyfeä, to no purpqß,.vain,void,nullity. Good or Evil accßwing to us by it, with refpeft to the ,flncreaßng or Diminijhing ofour Pqßeífi‘onr. ` ÈGAINING, l ucre,Advantage,Prißßmolunientßtock, the proceed, acquire,get, win, recover, extort. i l a ° LOOSING, Вампир,йесгетепдйе‘гйте’й,ёфёйшпидеуйлжфд ‹ I

wrack, ЛИ”, hurt,hindcrance, out @fonct way. Dimini/hing or [лиц/[яд of our Want. SAVING, грант, take up. (.ßtniptuarhrun out.

3’ SPENDING, Lay out, bejìow, expend, dißicndßxpencefharger,cq/î, LContinuing, or not Continuing of a thing in our PqÜ’îj/ion. rIniperfetfit', denoting the Endeavour and care we aß about it, whe

l

ther any or none.

‹

(pq/ìtoiy.

LAYING UP, Treafiiring, Pre/erving, Stow, Hoord, Store, Re SQf-iNDRING, Lavißi, profit e, careleß, mißiend, embezel, waff,

4'

unthrifiy, ill hn.rbandry,_/pendthrift, jlying out.

t Per ей‘ ‘ СопБШп ‘in the Good or Ill ucce of fuch Endeavour. 5’

KEEPING, Prjërve, retain, Cu ody,holding, ретуши’), Cellar. LOOSING, Per ition, loßwrack, „Шеф/11”.

Applyingiyr a thing 5 whether more

i

'

ìSiniply; denoting the applying of a thing to it»` proper end, or the not _un -_.-s-a`

_ applyingof it ß. .

âUSlNG, Imp/oy, improve, exercifê, occupy, manage, treat, handle,

i 4 6. entertain, n_/eful„farviceable,ßand in goodflead. (hand. ÁBS'I'EINING, Forbear, refrain, pare, withdraw, тем, hold one: ¿Relatively ; as to that ртути” or difatiafaäion of mind which we have `in the u/e of athing. f INJOY lNG, Fruition. Q

7' BEING SICK 0F, NaaßaieJoaih, „шт, fafa, aearyif. i Refilt ofjitch application, in the diminißiing or increajing of our Pain..

`

,

ëREFRESHlNG, Камеди, relieve, recruit, relaxation, refeä‘ion,

8

Bait.

ì WEARTING, Laßitude, tyring, tedious,faint,fatigue. Hinderancer. _ ~

QUlEbTlNG, Tranquillity, refl,conipofe, fea'ate, _ferene,ji’ill, calm,_/êt 9

0r e at re .

ÉTROUBLINg, Mole/ì, di/lnrb, annoy, difquiet, incumber, МЕД, in terrupt,peßer, cumber, turbnlent,jti`rr, coil, broil, turmoil garboi‘l, perturbation.

Vl. The i

‘ Chap. I.

Tranfcendental Relation: of Ailton.

i

Vl. The General name denoting Tranfceudental Motion or telt, is VL "10N" ITION, Penetrate, Flitt.Going, Pa ing, Remove, Миф, repair,tranfm1_'ßion, i A'

STHTING Abide шт‘;êtage, continue, re/lde, ‘ф„ß ‘ op, ß ick аdumm, detain„hold at it remain щмёфщ Remera. The Relations belonging to this motion,may bediltinguilhed into fuch asare

‘ Solitary, fuppoling but one Perf'on or Thing», with refpeft to its А[Мы/103 toward: or from the Speaker. 1

äCOMlNGj, concour e

Áccelß, Ryort, repair to, frequent, recourß, ce re urn. ‚

GOING, D)epart,recede, return, regret?, ingreß, egreß’, be packing,

l

bejogging, retire, retrograde, withdraw, :li/lodge, avant, void, Íßipbawazdllink or jneab away, fling away, fab’qf, get gone, fst

Í

ort , ru a ong.

. ‚ kContinuing gf Motion ~ whether г‘гтру, Toward: tliejìme term, or changing of the Term.

PROCEEDING, Petßß, рифм“, perjëvere, рту-ф paß, ad vance, hold or go on,ßetforward or on.

,‹ 2.

‹

3

TURNING, Winding, I/eare, Double, tack, about, face about,

'

. wheel about.

`

[With Dejign 5 either to _frime certainplace,or to no certainplace.

TRAVAILING, Expedition, Voyage, journey, Progre_/i,Peregrinati on, Itinerant, Paf/enger, Wayfaring,March,fèt out, Palmer, Pilgrim, Paf', Pit/port. . . 3

ì

WANDKING, Stray, idlray, range, ‘Мёртвый, err ищу/0314111, Vagabond, random, ramble, rome, prole, gad, дуг/10, Rag”, Land.

loper, Labyrinth, .4mbage:. social, fuppohng feveral perfons or things. ` fCaußng another {То go or to come,

ЁЗЕМОНЧС ‚ Mißion, mlßive, ‘To/gen, convey, difwifr, Remit,

dißmtch, MeßengemEmbaßtdor, Legat, Envoy, Lieger, Emi/ja <4.

‘у, Currier, Arrant. FETCHING, Bring, reduce, {ММ-00021118. ` To come after, or to go before. l < {ЬЕАВШЮ , Guide, Conduòl', bring , convey , draw , липидн 5. 671011.

i

DRIVING, Chaß’, drift, expel, repel, „риф, goad, beat bac/1,' Ferret out.

l Coming after another thing in motion, or coming up equal to it. lé. ÉFOLLOWING, Eri/ue, come afìer,puifite, clogging, trace. OVERTAKING, Reach, Тop, Catch,fetch up.

Coming-cy` thing: together from (счета! terms, or the Pretcrition of jòmetbing in our Way. MEETING, Obviate, obvio”, encounter, occurr,Randevouz,¢,

7'

AVOIDING, Decline, Fly, fhun, cß'hew, Wave, beware, фарс,

evade,

out of the way.

G2

Gf 44 .

l

Dzfèourjë.

Рака, П;

of DiscouR'sE; Or the leveral notions belonging t5 Grammar or ЬоёйсЬВ

‘

'HE moll general name forthol'e external expreflîons , wherebff 0- V l'

Tmen do make known their thoughts to one another, is DI SCOURSE, Commune, Communication, Farb, Talk, Coßoquie, Traë?, Trcatzfë, bundle, Stile. -

To which may be annexed that particular Wa'y of clil'courfe, тот" ufo, namely by articulate voice and words, called LANGUAGE, `. ' Tongue, Speech, Плана}, dia/eff. v

The feveral things and notions belonging to dîfcourfe, may be dillrìbu ted into (uch as do concern either the

f1,„и „f „а or thofe primary ingredients of which it confifls, ‘ whether flfloreâimplq “Пес! ELEMENTS. '‘

[ф ,Simp/e5 WORDS.

I

Il

îKz‘mLr у‘ it 5 or thofe fecondary parts belonging to it,y whether fuch as are

'

ё Proper, to

`

GKAMMAR. ш. Looic. 1v. . l coMMoN To BOTH. v LMODES ‚у‘ и. VI

I. The ' l

Chap. I.

i l

Di/rcourfe.

I

45

I. The Iirll and more Íimple ingredients required to the framing of Difcourfe or Language, are [tiled I‘ILEMIE’NTS.l Abeda‘rian.

Thefe may be diltinguilhed into fuch as do concern either the sound: made by the Organs of fpeech,according to the ‹ l i General name 5 denoting either that which is jpoken', or theшт l of it in writing. ‚

`

I I Ёыэттвк, literal. l

CHARACTER, Figure, Note, Letter, Cyphre, O'rthographj." _ Particular kinds; relating to fuch as are 'A -_ _I'More primary and _harp/e5 whether fuch apert found: as are fra

med by a free витая if the breath through the organs of fpeech , or fuch clojedfound: in the pronounciug’of which the i i,

breath i: intercepted by fome collifion or clofure amongft the in lirurnents of fpeech. ’ 2

'

' VOWEL. CONSON ANT.

'

а LLefs primary and mixed 5 either that which ( for the molt part) doth confifi ofß‘veral letter:_.prononnced in one continued motion,

_

or of more Vorrei: coalefcing in one found. SYLLABLE.

I

l» —

‚ ‹ Tinte or3’paufe DIPHTHONG. ‘ to be obferved in the pronouncing of feveral words"r or '

fentences, according to the

'I

rGeneral name5 denoting that mark which ferves, either" forдр; rating ßich word: as belong to Дым! clau/ë: orfentencca, or for

uniting thofe word: which are to bepronounced a: one.

I

ттвкриыстюы, Period, Para.

А” ' HYPHEN, Macca'ph. [Particular kinds5

f Le[/ér5 according t0 the degrees OfLeß 0r More

)

СОММА.

5° - sEMiCoLoN.

—

‘

Greater 5 according to the degrees of Ьф or More.’

I

6 äcoLoN.

i

`

_

PERIOD, fudpoint, flop, patß, ‘ф’.

I Il/fanner of Pronouncing 5~ with reference to I'Dillinëtion of _fuch words or‘claufes as are _ I .f ‚ '— " Leß material 5 denoting that fuch a pafiage, either || is not мифа)" I to make the/ênfe perfeò?, or is added by tra) of Explication Of forne 1 thing preceding. l l l I 7 ЁРАКЕЫТНЕЗКЗ.

I

PARATHESIS, caparra».

‚

‹ i_More щит! 5 either that which ferves4 to di/iinguiß: ‚Да/2 ntordr, t

I

wherein the force cy" the [ей/ё doth more peculiarly Conflß, 0r that

which denote: the mord: to be intended to a contrary jin/ê, to what they naturally Íignilie. 8

ЕМРНА513.— -. ' lRONY--ca/Í. l Prolongation of Vowel: , or Elevationof voice in the prolloilncing of any fyllable.

ACCENT. 9‘ ACCENT, awa..

n. тьф

BENI-fg I ° i 46

Difcotorß?.

Il. WORDS»

_

Part. Il. ‘

II. Thofe particular лилий or (haraò'len, which are agreed upon to'

ßgni/ïe an) one thing or notion,are called by the general name of WORD, Verbal, verbatim, term, endite.

. - -’

That which i: intended b) anyßichßund or Charaóler, is called MEAN ING, Зал/е, .sigayîeanm Purport, Acception, Import, tenor, denote, moral

Words may be dißinguiíhed according to the rGeneral name.` given to the chiefkinds ofthem, whether the more l Principal fuch as figniñe fome intire thing or notion, or the Lcji Princi ‚ pal, fuch as conlignitie and ferve to circumüantiate other words with < I INTEGRAL. (which they are joyned‘.

'

PARTICLE.

_ LParticular kinds; whether of "Integral: 5 eontìdered according to their {Палец being either more — l Ahfolute5 denoting eitherthe naked Edén? Ofa Thing» Orth@ EU l p

2

l

ABSTR ACT, feparate. CONCRETE, complex.

°

‚

(and thing it fell:

Relative5 to the

Name: of thing: 5 whether[itch asjigni/ie more

and ofthem

filou, or fuch whofe Íignificatìon doth import their being ad` l

SUBSTANTIVÈ.

( jojned to fomething elfe. v

3‘ ADJECTivE. Aäion: or Римом af thing:5 (which is here taken notice of in

f g

compliance with штанга Grammar, tho it be not properly one ßmple part of f ech, but rather a mixture of two, namely the

i

predicate vand opula.) To which may be annexed that which is commonly adjoyned unto this , to ligniñe the Qnalit] or afie

‹

VERBE.

,

4’ ADVERBE DEruvED.

t

Place and Order ,in а propoíition, whether that which accord ing to

l

L natural coníiruftìon doth precede the Copnla, or that which doth

‘ --u

(óìion of the Aüion or Рита”.

L

SUBJECT. — 5 PaEmcATE, amaramente, tapan.

(fat/0» a.

tPartic/e:5 whether the

Maß шефу and eflential to ever)l propcßtion. â

6. COPU LA. Lcji’neceßary я "Идти 5 in the room either of fome Integral wordpr of fome

‚

PRONOUN. ( ß’ntence or complex part of it. INTERJECTION. Connexive or declarative 5 whether fuch as are more rProper to Sub/fautive: 5 beingl ufually prefixed before them, ei i ther that whofe otiice it is to join тегу-01101“: integral on the „Никуда of the Copula,or that whichßrve:for the more full and `

Ё8 l ’

PREPOSITION.

(di/linct ezprej/'ionqfSn/gßantiven

ARTICLE.

‘

‚

Мотив’: to other uordt5 either that kind of particle which 'n ufually adjoined to Verbs, to Ждите/Эта kind of Mode or Cir cumfl‘anoe belonging to them, or that which [эти chieliy for the рупия; of clau/e: or fentencu.

ADVERBE UNDERIVED.

9‘. сомJUNCTION.

Ш. COM Chap. I.

Difcourje.

47

m. COMPLEX GRAMMATICAL _N'oTloNs of speech, may ¿lì-¿0M be difiinguiihed into fuch as concern the

GR¿MMA„

IfPortion: into which а аЩсоигГс maybe divided, whether more

Tlgâts. N0

ïAbß/ute; either that which а’епо‘е: onclyfomc part of the jênfe, or that which Íignifies fome complete fènjê.

.

CLAUSE, Pdßogc.

< I'

SENTEN( Е, Period,Text,Apborgfm,Apop/Jtbegm, Axiom, Io;

i

I I <|

Ч

pr¢j3`,Mom, Pfyîe, Pbrafe, stile.

~

Relative5 to the number and order of fuch parts, either the lef,

confiliing of one or шаге/Элита, ór the Greater being an Aggre ate of thefe. ъ 1ЁЁУЕКЗЕ, Stufe, Stanza. ` SECTION, Paragrofg Article, Scene. LF’erj‘ì’â' 5 conteining either a Principalpart, 0r an Intire difêour/ê.

CHAPTER, Ад‘.

3‘ BooK, ma, maffe.

—

LKinds of fuch difcourfe5 with refpeët to the

If мат or Words, according to the General типе; denoting either a more loofe and free wa] ofputting

the wordt together, or that which is bound up to тел/Мг. PROSE. 4°

VERSE, Lyrick, Pindariclì, 0de.

j Particular kind: of Verfe; either that which depends only upon i fome s‘îated meajitre of words, or that which doth likcwife {up pìÍ/îëgŕrálgade’in the found of the ending. дым“. 'ICH .

`

5' RIME.

y

l

Агат: ог Egniñcation of words, whether

"Natural and according to the ñrů intention of them , or ‚идти! and borrowed, containing а reference to fomething elfe of near

aHinity and Íimìlitude. ` 6

'

PROPER.

°

° TRALATITIOUS, Metaphor, Trope, Parable, Simile, Home/j, or Ornate.

' ‚ SIMPLE. 7’ F'IGURATE. Allegorj, Improper, Riddle, Eniguatical. Full, or Dej'ì’â’i've 5 having fomething left out. 8 ÈEDÍ‘PIÈ‘ESS, Plain, open, flat, explicite, Hint,lnkling,meution, et

от‘.

UNDERSTOOD, Implied, implicite, tacit, iktimated. l LEzjìe, or Düìcult to be underfiood. PLAIN, Ewiderzt, Perjpieuolß, clear, expreß, обойти, ea te, facil, 9 explain, explicate, unfold, il/ußrate, open, makç out. OBSCURE, Dark, ‘тиф, riddlè,¢nigmtieal, deep, profound, bard, dißícult, mjßeriou, intrigue. `

‘дм;

. - _A Í

Iv.coM _; ‚— ___‚__————.-——————_—_____—_—___

48`

_,___—‚—.—.—__—_ i

‹

‚ *__-»

.C Part. II. n

Щ COM#

1V. COMPLEX’ LOGICA-L NOTIONS of difcourfe, may be di

glfâì'ìlgò {Iributed into fuch as are

HONS.

rPoßtive s concerning ’ Word: 5 with refpeft to their

' I

_

Anthiguitj5 Showing the dzjìrentfenß': which they are capable of,

I l '

or ф"; them in a fel/adorn fen/ë. DISTINCTION, diß‘rinxinate.

1 l,

I l " ./EQmvoCATloN, мыдищмрыш. l<

‘Univer/alitj5 Re/iraining a word untoßnte тотproper and peculiar fenfe, or enlargin of it ns there may be occalion, to its full [cope and comprehen пеней. . 2 LIMITATION, Re/triction,flint, hound, terminate, determine.

l ’ AMPLIATION, marge, ai1„¢¢,¢xp„¢i.«¢e.

ñ

LThingr 5 declaring either their i Nature: 5 more or lefJ’perfeÜ/j.

l

‹

DEFINITION.

lì' _ dDESCRIPTIIgNygîraÜer, delineate,решит}, plot,péatfbïlnzl,

l

‹

l

I

l

zn .r- #zoreor e per

j.

то e.

DIVISION, Parting, Diehotorn).

4’ PARTITION', nutrient-„Waning

l

I_Aßeäiorrr5 namely fuch ‘отток „шарм of know/odge whereby

ll'

menare to be direfted in their judging. To which may be op рейс! the excluding ‘фри/ш partienlar: as do not properly belong to thg’êgenerals'. RULE, Maxim, Axiom, Principle, Theorem, Canon, Rnhrio,A

5 à

phorifu, regula».

›

EXCEPTION, Exempt, refervation, Уфу-ай‘, 'exolude, _[Èolude, ‚мы, рт,17." ‚фа.

difputative, _comparate "Genwl‘,or when f‘onoßniethŕngr already known and granted“, we en- l

i

„prose _]ânie other thing, or the taking ofthat other thing a: '

ст; o prone

'

‘l ° AttouMENTATtoN, Mßm, argue, 41pm, ‚шт, affafff, <` 6’ ё

` ation ratiooination, demon/tration, r , eup tour cwil,polen1’ie, ‘лапшу, Problem, chop Logic, fophi ‘ ß] I э ILLATION, щите, eonfèquenee, oonjëèïarj, deeluêlion,feguel,

Conohgßm Бот thè j refìdt,fo!/ow Бреда! 5 as refrieäing ’ g э impl).

`

Flrwámfëk Artiñeial,whether that which is moftfullpr that which 1s efe ive.

srrroorsu. 7‘ ENTHYMEM. ‚ Matter 5

rIntrinßo штаммов the things themfelves, fignifying the proving of a General,l whether [I fron: many or aß the particu lan, or front _finie one or fetvpartienlarr. ‹8

INDUCTION, Partioulariz’e.

' EXAMPLE, In/tanoe,exentpli)îe, jpeczfe, leadingcajê. 5 L¿burin/fc5 from the Authority of fome other perfon, ora rtyênz hlanoe to fome other thing. 9 ЁСГГА’ПОЫ, ,Q_totation, teßitnoniet, «xl/edge. '

‘

ALLUSION, Glance.

V. MIXED Chapi. ‘ Y i'

'offenen

‚.

49 Y. MIXED v. Mixen NoTioNs or Discourtslì belonging' ЬогЬ to NOTIONS

Grammar and Logic may be difiributed into fuch as are

OF „ DI

'I_cjî complex,` _denoting fuch a conipleatfêntence, ‘wherein [Эта/ям; SCOURSL

if either aßirmed д" denied, То which may be adjoyned fu'ch kind of ‚Этим, ‚и by common ufe and long experience have obtained to be . 'ofauthority among/l men.

i

А

_

` PROPOSITION, Theft, flßertion', Point, Doä‘rz'ne, Oli/ervation, l I З Гфйоп, Problem. ' i ° ADAGE, Proverb, 0ld_/aj or 111251?)- word. У l .More complex; whether f Kind: ofdijîourfe,

i Trainee .~ ’ l

‚

.

i

More general; denoting fomcthing to be Люкс’: in „флаг, or ńvritten to be jent to othert. z

l

ORATION, Speech,Harangue,Declamationßratorj,Paneg}ric.

‚ ‘ впьтш, шт.

_

¿ Moreлит! 5 relating to matters of Faët, [l either the more ifßial l name, or that which denote; what i: commonly jâid bj many. l

NARRATION, Relate, Story, Hißor), Tale, teÜ,‘I`iding.t,Report, recite ,recount, rehearfè, impart,infornz,Tradition, Annuneiati 3.

on,Commentoration, Diary, Diurnal, Gazet, Chronicle, Legend,

bring word, gi've notice, or inteäigence. ' ‚ RUMOR, Brute, Hear-jay, Report, common Fame, Noz/ê, Vogue.

l v i, íExp/icative 5 `according to the ëGeneral name 5

l

4. INTERPRETATION, Expojition, conjiruäion, explain, expli- ' cate, unfold, Trouchman. Particular ‘фиг’: 5 whereby the words are

I

l

'

"Altered, b] putting them into another language, or into other wordt of the [те language. . < TRANSLATION, Conßrue, ver/ion, inteipret,turn,render. l s’ PARAPHK ASE, Dtjŕant, Metaphraß, Circumlocution. ILEn/arged5by adding (тега! other words for further explication, or' Соли/127015 into fewer Words. âCOMMENTARY, Glcß, Note, Annotation, Striâ'ure,

I

6

Scholiaß, Expo/iter. EPITOME, Compendium, Brief, abbreviato, breviate, a

I bridge,ßreviary,ft`tecinä, шкаф, Abßraä, 'Synop/ít, Sj | ßem, couch, centrati?, Summary, стыд, recapitulate. iappendagc: ofdifcouife, lwhether the Extreme z, either the Beginning or the End.

~ ’

PRO LOGUE, Exordium, Preamble, Proem, Introduâ'ion, Pre~ 7 â face, Prelude. EPILOGUE , Concliyìon,

Intermediate; either that which is moŕ'e necefiìry, whereby one part i: to be conneöled to another , or fuch additionalpart as is lefs

neceíiàry to the main Гсоре of the difcourfe.

TRANSITION, tiene. 8'

DIGRESSION, 0n the bhb] the way,Diverßon, Excurfion,Ex-' travagant,glance.

‚

Н

VI. MODES Difcourfe.

l

Part. II.

WVM- -—-———-›—

Vl. MODES 0F Dl.

VI. MODES OF DISCOUKSE may be diůributed intofuch as con “Ош”. cern the buíinefs of proving or perfwading, either

rAntecedently 5 denoting (uch forms of fpeech as imply _ "Doubting, or a deßre of being informed b] othert, to which may be op pofed the eneral name for tho/ê return: which other: nuke to jin/3 ll forni: oflpgeech. <

QUESTION , A:k, Interrogate, деяний, exafnin, eapoßulate,

I З

Inquijìtion.

О

ANSWER, Helpen/al, Reply, Rejoinder, Return.

Knowing or acknowledging, whether

'.lîQ/I`tivef5 Дух‘; a thing to be fo, 0r not to be fo. `SAFFIRMATION , Alle", averr, avouch, рифм Aßëveration, < NEGATION, Den), renonnce,refu_/ê,Recu/ànt,diffu/ow, gain/[1], Po/ltion. e 2.

l

ffrßlßsßr MJ»

’

i

lConditional5 allowing a thing to be _fh for the pre/Ent , that We may thereby the better judge of the confëquences from it, or owning the truth фига bj another, ` SUPPOSITION, Adnait, prernijè, pre/uppijê, Condition, Proviß, ‚3 З Щроффдри! ca_/ë. l CONCESSION,` Grant, Jie/d, allow, acknowledge, adrnit, agree. ` ¿l (onconiitant/)f 5 as the Aůs or parts of it. I [Мою general 5 Sajing ßiniething again/t what another aßìrnu, orfllyi'lg W54! i! ту! centrar] to it.

l

ÉOPPOSITION, Gain/aj, thwart.

‹ 4' `coNTuADiCTloN. l Arguing again/1 another, to which is oppofed,The fhewing an inßiß l cien in Ли!) argunienn. OB ECTION, Impugnßa‘vil.

I 5' SOLUTION, Solve,An_/wer, Rfyolveßubteifuge, Eva/ion, Ca/ui/t. LMorejiiecial5 relating to ` r(tur own argument: or opinions, by тип‘; the truth of Мат, ог fê conding ßichproof, bj further evi ence. PROBATION , Prove, deruonßrate, evince, Evidence, veriße,

l

< 6. З

I

Rea/on, Pre/uniption.

CONFIRMATION, .sn/.1.- ‚ .pabo-f1», wißt».

¿Our adverjarie: argunxenn, by fbewing the тел/«фof Мат, or turn ing the force of then: againß hirnfeljî CONFUTATION, Refed, rejute,eliß>rove, "фа again/i. ' 7’ ЁКЕТОК’ПОЫ, Invert, recritninate. ° Subßquentl), 5 whether Rea/l 5 by „мы; an adverjìty unable to defend his” own opinion , or making hin: to рама: to они, 8 ÉPOSING, Puzzle, nonplna, дате, confbuud,gravel, run down. ' CONVICTION, Sniffe, evince.

Ver/m15 acknowledging the truth of our opinion, or renonncing the error of hi: own. ÉCONEESSION, Acknowledge, own,jield, grant,„фр, cry inert). 9’ RECAN'I'ATION, lìenounce, тетей‘, recal, revoke, unßtj, bite in.

CHAP. (Шары. l

0f ‘GodJ on War/of.

51

щ

С Н‘ A P. II. I. Concerning GOD. II.v Of tbe/êverol thing; and notion: reduci/)Ie under that oolleô'ive Gent/xr of WORLD. Hofe more Í‘pecial kinds of beings to be treated oli Antecedane

L

l oufly to the Predicaments, becaufe the are not (as Predicaments are)capable ofany fubordinate fpecies, are OD and WORLD.

That which the Heathen Philofophers fiile the ñrfi Mover, the firfi

and I'upremc caufe of all things , and fuppofe to be n Beingof ollpqf/ìlzle perfeŕliongis GOD, Lord, Этот/1,069’, Divine-ity, Deijïe.

And becaufe of that abfolute Simplicit and Purity of the Divine na»

ture,whereby ’tis diíiinguifhed from all otiier things, and therefore inch

pable if being divided by Parti, or by Difwrence: and Specie: a's the гей are 5 hereupon, under this Head there is onely provifion to be made for ' that great Myíiery of Chrifiianity, the Sacred Perfons of the Bleíied

FATHER.

Trinity

âSON, (Мг/1,740’.

HOLY GHOST, Holy Spirit. A lTo the name of God that of IDOL may be oppofe'd , by which is rheant any Fol/ë God 5 according to the Acception of the word in thatl Scripture,»All the God: of tbc Heathen are Ido/r.

To the Second Per/bn the name ANTICHRISTmay be adjoyned by way of Oppa :tion s the true Notion and Im ortance of the word fo requiring. By

OPLLD, ‘Univeijëjs meant t e (‘отряды or Fronte of the whole

II,

шмотки more efpecial reference to thofe Principal and more Gene SPIRITLIAL and immaterial. I. (rolport: ofwhich it confifhßwhether

Страна’, confidcred акт-411218 to the rrPart: into which it is divide , whether

lcELEsTiAL. п. ¿.l‘l‘erreßriol: either

LAND.

IH.

Innninate.~

lciacussbywhichundivided. v1.

’

.°

‚

I. By SPIRIT is meant InzniaterialSu/)ßanoc .' to which may be ad- I. SPIRIT. j0yned,as its proper Oppoíite,the Word BODT, Corporeal,1l«!4tter 441,67" A Created Spirit is eirherßtcb o: (co/"',Corpgcwpulenh {Dot/i not relate to a Body 5 and that conlidered according to its ‘ General Name, as being a ininißring Spirit. 31. ANGEL deal, D zon. < Special kinds, as Gooïor Evil. » 2 êGOOD ANGEL, Chem/i, Seraphim, Good Genitn. l '

DEI/IL, .S'atan,l"iend,DiabolicaÍ,D¢2nton,Fury, Goblin, [md Genil”.

tDoth relate to а Bod) 5 and that conlidered according to its

l

ìGeneral Name,as being deßgncdfor the enli'vening and gaio/¿ning „а 9,.> SOUL, Animate, Spirit, Illind, Special kinds, as rendring it; Boal] capable ‘у’ Nutrition and Growtb 5 4. VEGETATIVE, grow. Sen/ë 5 5. SENSITIVE. —

(Body.

` ( evil.

Difcour/ë and Religion”, together with a fenfe of moral good and

6, RATIONAL, req/Enable.

Н 2

II. А 5'- 2 -

World.

и’ BRAUN»

`

Part. II

ll. лишив]? Coiporcal Sub/lanen, that which

'e/leemed moß Simple and

mqß Perfeót, whole general name is therefore frequently ufed to (ignilie a place or a flare of the greateli Perfef'tion and Happmefs , together with — that which in both thefe refpeCts is oppoßte, are commonly fiyled

HEAVEN, Ccleßial, Firmament, Slee. HELL, Inßernal, Stygian.

_ _ _

Thofepart: of Heaven whichfall under our два/ё.‘ may be conlidered aC` cording to their.

êGeneral Name, denoting fuch parts as are more .Solid and Luminous, l. STARR, Ste/late. Particular kinds, either

‘ _

' Fixed, that is to fay, which do alwaye: keep the Лис eli/lance fiom one another. And thefe, for the better dil‘tinftion and remembrance of them,are ul'ually difiributed into divers parcels or little Aggregates, called Conßellatiom: the received names of which are, according to their imaginary Rel‘emblanccs , either the proper names ofPer ßnu, as Perfetta, Andromeda, Orion, Ste. or the names of brute Ani malt, as Bear, Lion, Ram, 8‹с. or the патёз OfInanintate things, as

Balance,.4rrow,&c. which may each of them be fuliiciently exprelï i

fed,asthe things theml'elves are to which they are refembled, with

out being particularly provided for in the Table. 'And becaufe that great Luminary which rule: the Day, with us in this Syliem. is , by the

molt received Hypothelis,thought to belong to this number, there- A f _., ._.„_

fore may it be adioyned , as the той conliderable Particular be FIXED STARR, Conßellation. (longing to this General. 2 ' SUN, Solar. ' Wandring, viz. which do notl alwaie: keep the frime difiance from one a nother', to which may be adjoyned that other kind OfLuminouo Body,which io' now byfgficient obfèrvation and experiment dijŕovered to be above the тиф/т‘: 5 according to the âGcneral names. '

PLANET, Wandringßarr. 3’

COMET, Blazing jtarr.

Particular kinds of Planet:,being either fPrimaiy 5

l ‘ Seen by uo at a cli/lance, either more l r Frequently, . . Higher pan' à SATURN ine.

4’ шштвв, 70am. »I

Lower pair,

l

MARS.

°

’

I 5' VENUS,Morningßar,Evening/lar, Üayßarr. I_Rarely, as being near the Sun, 6. MERCURY ial.

i LInhabited by m,

7. The GLOBE @s SEA AND LAND, Eau/„Wma т menical, Terreilrial, Terrcne, Univer?, Geography.

l Secondary; whether moving

about the Eart , or about any other

Planet,

8

MOON, Lunar.

'

SATELLES.

IILBy

' Chap. II.

lll. By EARTH , Land, World, is meant the habitable parts of this Globe, to which may be adjoyned the more general name of the Greater parts of the Earth, denoted by the word COUNTRY, Region, Land, Tract, Quarter, Coast.

The most considerable Notions belonging to Discourse,which refer to this, may be distinguished with respect to its Figure, || whether equal or unequal, Convex or Concave. PLAIN, Champion, Level, Flat, Even.

MOUNTAIN, Нill, Ascent, Rising, Upland, Downs, Knoll.

VALLEY, Vale, Dale, Bottom.

Boundaries, or adjacent Waters; which are either

On all sides, whether Great, ||More great, or less great. 2. CONTINENT, Firm-land, Main-land. ISLAND, Isle, Insular. Less, ||whether roundish and high, or oblong ROCK, Сragg.

- 3 CLIFF. On three sides, which, according to а higher or lower situation, as it is conspicuous|| more or less, is called l 4 PROMONTORY, Cape, Fore-land, Headland, Point,

PENE-ISLE.

Оn two sides, conspicuous, more or less. ISTHMUS, Straight, Neck of land. BANK, Shelf, Flat, Ridge, Shallow, Shole, On one side, either according to the more general name, or that particular kind which is sometimes covered with Sea

6. SHORE, Strand, Sea-coast, Bank-side. WASHES, sands Motion or Rest QUICKSANDS, Drift, Syrtis OAZ iV. WATER.IV. To the word WATER, as it denotes the watry part of this Terrestrial Globe, may be adjoyned the word SEA, Marine, Maritim; which denotes the more general name of the greater parts of Water, as Country or Region does of Land.

The more considerable Notions under this Head may be distinguished as the other, with respect to its Figure, ‖ whether equal or unequal, Convex or Concave.

       1.
       AEQUOR, Calm Sea, Smooth Sea.
           WAVE, Billow, Surge, Vndulation, Rough.
           WHIRL-POOL, Vorago, Gulf, Swallow.
   Boundaries, or adjacent Land; which is either
       On all sides, whether
           Great, ‖ more great, or less great.
               2.
               OCEAN, Main-sea.
               LAKE, Meer, Pond, Plash.
           Less, ‖ whether obround and deep, or oblong.
               3.
               WELL, Head.
               SPRING, Fountain, Source, Rivulet.
       On three sides, ‖ greater, or less.
           4.
           BAY, Gulf, Creek, Arm of the Sea, Harbour, Port, Key.
           PENE-LAKE, Haven, Harbour, Port, Key.
       On two sides, ‖ greater, or less
           5.
           FRETUM, Streight, Narrow sea, Sound.
           CHANNEL.

On one side, either according to the more general name, or that particular kind which is sometimes higher, and sometimes lower upon the Land.

           6.
           SHORE, Margo aquea.
           TIDE, Ebb, Flow, High-water, Low-water, Neap-tide, Spring-tide.
   Motion or Rest; whether constantly moving, or generally at rest
       7.
       STREAM, River, Brook, Current, flow, pour, gush, Bourn, Rill, Rivulet, Eddy, Gullet, Flood, Deluge, Inundation, Torrent, Cataract, Water-course, Running-water.
       STAGNUM, Pool, Puddle, Pond, stagnate, standing-water, Dead-water.

V. ANIMATE PARTS OF THE WORLD.V. The ANIMATE PARTS of the World do comprehend such Bodies as are endowed with Life or Spirit; whether

   Vegetative, more
       Imperfect; such Bodies as grow in Veins of the Earth, which though they are not commonly owned and reckoned under this Rank, yet several Learned men have heretofore reduced them hither, as being a more imperfect kind of Vegetable; because when Mines have seemed to be totally exhausted of them, yet there hath remained behind some kind of Seminal or Spermatic parts, whereby they have in process of time been renewed again, and continued to propagate their kinds.
           1.
           MINERAL.
       Perfect; whether according to the
           General name;
               2.
               PLANT, Vegetable.
           Special kinds; denoting either, that tribe of Plants that are most small, tender and numerous; Or those kinds, amongst these, which are commonly fed upon by beasts, &c.
               3.
               HERB, Wort, Weed, Botanic.
               GRASS, Grase, Greensword.
   Sensitive,
       4.
       ANIMAL, Brute-ish.
   Rational,
       5.
       MAN, Woman, Human-ity, Folk. 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Noahr Ark.

166

Part. ll.

Ногу of the Ark tO contein thc forementioned forts of beslis which were to be preferved for the propagating of their kinds, _beñdes 182 5. Sheep, which were to be taken in as food for the трясти Beayir.

. And tho there might feem no juli ground of exception, if thefe beafls {hould be fiow’d clofe together,as is now ufual in Ships,when they are to be tranl'ported for any long voyagc5 yet I Ihall not rake any fuch advan tage,but afford them fuch fair Stalls or Cabins as may be abundantly ШР ñcient for them in any kind of pofiure,either (landing, or lying, or turn ing themfelves, as likewilì: to receive all the dung that fhould proceed from them for a whole year. And that the Ark was of a fuflicient capacity for thefe purpofes, will appear from the following Diagram. In which there is a partition at each end of the Ark, marked A A, of fifteen foot Wide, and the breadth

.of the Ark being (счету live foot-5 thefe partitions muli contein in them ñve Area: of ñfteen foot Крите, and an Area of live foot fquare, being _ fufiicient to contein four Sheep, therefore one of fifteen foot fquare muil: be capable of thirty (ix Sheep; Allowing one of thefe Area: at each end for fiairs,there will eight ofthem remain, (vizfour at each end)to be

reckoned upon for the conteining of Sheep 5 which eight will be capable ofreceiving 288 Sheep.

Beíides thcfe partitions , at the end there are live feveral palliiges marked B B, of feven foot Wide for the more convenient accefs to the fe veral Stalls 5~the four Area: on the fide marked С С, deligned for Stalls,

are each of them eighteen foot wide,and about two hundred foot long. And the two middle Area: marked D D, are each of them twenty five

`foot Wide, and about 'two hundred foot long. Suppoling the two middle Area: to be deligned for Sheep 5 an Area of twenty five foot fquare muft be capable of a hundred, and there being Íixteen of thefe, they muli be capable of i600 Sheep,which being added ° to the former number of 288 will make i 888.fomewhat more then 18a 5 the number ailigned for thofe that were to be taken in for food. _

The four Gde Area: marked CC, being each of them eighteenfoot wide,and two hundred foot long,will be more then fufiìcient to contein

the feveral bealls which Were to be preferved for the propagating of

their Над; for which in the foregoing Tablestheir is allotted to the length of their Stalls only fix hundred and fix foot, befides the Миассе‘; of the Stalls allotted to> each of them. So that there will be near upon

two hundred foot overplus, for the reception of any other beafis, not yet enumerated or difcovered.

As for that fafhion of the Keel of Ships now in ufe,whereby they are' 'fitted for pall’age through the Waters, and to endure the motion ofthe Waves : This would not have been convenient for the bulinefs here de

Пред 5 The Arkbeiug intended only for a kind of Float to fwim above _ water, the Нашей of its bottom, did render it much more capaciousfor they reception of thofe many living Creatures, which were to be contein

ed-in it. Andtho towards the end of the Flood when it began to abate, God is faid to Make a wind to paja”over thqEart/J, whereby the water: were

a//ivaged,Gen.8,i.Yet ’tis not likely that in the time of the deluge,'when thewhole Earth was overliowcd, that there Ihould be any fuch rough _and boiflero'us winds as might endangera Vciîel of this Идиш; fuch lvt'inds ufually proceeding from dry Land. _

From

CHAP. VI.

The Appendix, containing а comparison betwixt this Natural Philosophical Grammar, and that of other instituted Languages, particularly the Latin, in respect of the multitude of unnecessary Rules, and of Anomalisms. Concerning the China Character. The several Attempts and Proposals made by others towards a new kind of Character, and Language. The advantage in respect of Facility, which this Philosophical Language hath above the Latin.

HAving thus briefly laid the Foundations of a Philosophical Grammar; I am in the next place to shew the many great advantages both for significancy, perspicuity, brevity, and consequently facility, which a Character or Language founded upon these Rules, must needs have above any other way of communication, now commonly known or used. And because the Latin doth in these parts of the world supply the place of a Common Tongue, therefore I shall chiefly insist upon the comparison with that.

l. Аs for the first part of Latin Grammar concerning Orthography, it will be needless here to speak any thing further to this, having before mentioned the imperfections of that Alphabet; the redundancy of it in some respects, and the deficiency of it in others; the incongruity of giving several powers to the same Letters, &c.. which particulars are further manifested by what hath been delivered concerning natural Orthography. '

As to the other parts of the Latin Grammar Etymol. Syntax. I shall endeavour to prove that they do exceedingly abound with unnecessary Rules, besides a vast multitude of Anomalisms and exceptions, which must needs render it exceedingly perplexed and difficult to the Learner.

2. In the second part concerning Etymology. I. There is a great imperfection as to the just number and true sense of Radical Words.

I. In some respects too many, by reason of the Synonima's which do very much abound in it.