ZEPHYRIUM
757
ZEUSS
of God. They explairu'd tlio Incarnation of Christ
in the sense that this was only another manifes-
tation (njodus) of God in His union with human
nature. Consequently they were called Modal-
ists or Patripassians, as according to them it was
not the Son of God but the Father Who had been
crucified. The Christian common people held
firmly, above all, to the Unity of God and at the same
time to the true Godhead of Jesus Christ. Originally
no distrust of this doctrine was felt among them.
Pope Zephyrinus did not interpose authoritatively in
the dispute between the two schools. The heresy of
the Modalists was not at first clearly evident, and the
doctrine of Hippolytus otTered many difficulties as
regards the tradition of the Church. ZephjTinus said
simply that he acknowledged only one God, and this
was the Lord Jesus Christ, but it was the Son, not the
Father, Who had died. This was the doctrine of the
tradition of the Church. Hippolytus urged that the
pope should approve of a distinct dogma which
represented the Person of Christ as actually different
from that of the Father and condemned the opposing
views of the Monarchians and Patripassians. How-
ever, Zephjtinus would not consent to this. The
result was that Hippolytus grew constantly more irri-
tated and angry against the pope and particularly
against the deacon Callistus whom, as the councillor
of the pope, he made responsible for the position of
the latter. When after the death of Zeph>Tinus
Callistus was elected Roman bishop, Hippolj-tus
withdrew from the Church with his scholars, caused
a schism, and made himself a rival bishop.
Zephjrinus was buried in a separate sepulchral chamber over the cemetery of Calhstus on the Via Appia (cf. Wilpert, "Die Papstgraber und die 3aci- liengruft in der Katakombe des hi. KaUistus", Freiburg, 1909, 91 sqq.). The "Liber Pontificalis" attributes two Decrees to Zeph\Tinu8; one on the ordination of the clerg>' and the other on the Euehar- istic Lifurgj- in the title churches of Rome. The author of the biography has ascribed these Decrees to the pope arbitrarily and without historical basis.
Liber Pontificalia, ed. Duchesne, I. 139; DrcHEss'E. Histoire ancienne de V^glise, I, 292 sqq.; Lanoen, Geschichte der rOmischen Kirche, I (Bonn. 1881), 200 sqq.; Haoemann, Die rSmische Kirche und ihr Einfluss auf Disziplin und Dogma in den ersten drei Jahrhunderlen (Freiburg im Br., 1864), 84 sqq.; cf. also the bibli- ography to HlPPOLTTCS.
J. P. KiRSCH.
Zephyrium, a titular see in Cilicia Prima, of Tar- sus. Nothing is known of the history of Zephyrium, lying on the coast of Cilicia, between Cilicia Tracheia and Pedias. This city is mentioned, however, by numerous ancient authors — it had many coins; here was prepared the best molybdenum (white lead), drawn from the neighbouring mines of Core\Ta. It was situated on the road from Sclinus to Rhossus. If is to-day Mersina, chief town of a caza of the vUavet of Adana; having about 14,000 inhabitants, of whom 3,000 are Greeks, 1,000 .Armenians, (>.50 Catho- lics; the population seems to increase quite rapidly. The sea-port exjiorts agricultural products; it is joined to Tarsus and Adana by a railway line, which will soon be connected with the Constantinople line to Bagdad. Le Qiiien (Oriens Christ., II, 883) names four bishops of Zephyrium : Aerius, present at the Council of Constantinople, 381; Zenobius, a Xes- torian, at the Council of Constantinople, 432^34; Hypatius, pre.sent at Chalcedon, 4.51 ; Peter, at the Council in Trullo. 692. The Latin parish of Mersina is administered by Capuchins; there are likewise Sisters of St. Joseph of the Apparition; schools for boys and girls, and hospitals.
Leake. Atia Minor (London. 1824), 214; Smith, Did. Greek and Roman Geog. a. v.; M&ller, Geoffraphi grtrei minores, ed. DiDOT, 1 (Paris. 1882) 481; Cuinet. La Turquie d'Aaie, II (Paris, 1894). 50-58.
S. PiTRIDfcs
Zeugma, a titular see of Syria, suffragan of Hicr-
apolis, in the Province of the Euphratensis. The city
is often called Zeuma (see the te.xts in ( ielzer's ed. of
"Georgii Cjijrii Descriptio Orbis Romani", 149). A
bridge uniting the two banks of the Euphrates
suggested the name, the Greek word meaning "a
yoke". Pliny (Hist. Nat., XXXIV, 1.50) says that
Alexander the Great was the first to build a bridge
at this point, no doubt a pontoon bridge. Seleucus
Nicator repaired it (Phny, op. cit., V, SG). The
Parthians were accustomed to cross the river at this
place (Dio Cassius, XLIX, 19), it being the easiest
crossing (Tacitus, "Annals", 12). Cassius camped
here in his campaign against the Parthians during
the reign of Claudius. In early times two distinct
cities, Seleucia and Apamea, had each its opposite
bank of the river (PUny, op. cit., V, 86, 119;
"Corp. Inscr. Graec", 2.548). It became customary
to say that both cities were on the passage of
the "Zeugma", and from the first century of our
era this name was in current use. Procopius (De
jEdificiis, II, 9) says that Justinian built a wall
about the city and strongly fortified it. The
"Notitia Episcopatuum" of Antioch (sixth century;
see "Echos d'Orient", X, 14.5), mentions Zeugma
among the suffragans of HierapoUs. Le Quien
(Oriens Christ., II, 941—44) mentions several of its
bishops: Bas.sus at Nica>d (325); Antonius, an Arian,
present at the Council of Philippopolis (344) ; Sabinia-
nus (363) ; Aphthonius, at first abbot of a local mon-
astery, later bishop; Heliades, at Ephesus (431);
Evorcius at Chalcedon (451); Julian (5.53). Theo-
doret ("Hist. Relig.", V; P. G., LXXXII, 1.3.52-.57)
deals at length with St. Publius, a monk of Zeugma,
and with his monastery. The site of Zeugma has
not yet been found; doubtless it is near Biredjik,
and facing that place.
Smith. Diet. Greek and Rom. Geog., g. v.; Ritter. Erdkunde, X, 989; Chapot, La fronlih-t de VEuphrate (Paris, 1907). 275-78.
S. Vailh^.
Zeuss, JoH.\XN Kaspar, b. at Vogtendorf, in I'pper Franconia, 22 July, 1806; d. there. 10 Nov., 18.56. He was the founder of Celtic philologj-, an eminent philologist, and studied at the gj-mnasium of Bamberg. His parents wished that he should enter the priesthood, but the young man chose the scholarly career, inclining particularly to historic and linguistic study. He entered the University of Munich and after finishing his studies, taught there at the g\'m- nasium. In 1837 appeared his book " Die Herkunft der Baiem vondenMarkomannen" (2nded., 18.57), which brought him the honorary' degree of Ph.D. from the University of Erlangen. The same year he went to Speyer to teach histor>- at (he lyceum and remained there until 1847, when he accepted a professorship of history in the University of Munich. But this he resigned on account of his poor health and was trans- ferred to the lyceum in Bamberg. In 1853 appeared his monumental "GrammaticaCeltica", which estab- lished his fame. Two years later he took leave of absence to recover his health, but he died the following year.
Zeuss was a scholar of tremendous erudition, com- bining a knowledge of philologj' with that of history and ethnology'. His Germanic studies had tatight him the necessity of a knowledge of the Celtic lang- uages and so he went to work to investigate this neglected field. To get at the sources, the old manu- scripts, particularly those in Old Irish, he journeyed to Karlsruhe. Wiirzburg, St. Gall, Milan, London, and Oxford, and ever>-where made excerpts or copies. Not only the ancient, but also the modern, dialects received his attention. As a result appeared the great "Grammatica Celtica", whidi proved beyond doubt that the Celtic languages were a group of the Indo-European family and which put Celtic philology on a sound scientific basis. After the author's death
