ZHITOMIR
758
ZIERIKZEE
the work was revised and re-edited by Hermann Ebel
(Berlin, 1871). It is even to-day of fundamental
importance to aU Celtic scholars. Other works of
Zeuss are the "Traditiones possessionesque Wirzen-
burgenses" (Speyer, 1842), and "Die Freie Reich-
stadt Speyer vor ilirer Zerstorung".
Gluck, Erinneri^ng an Kaspar Zeuss in Gelehrte Anzeigen (Munich. 1857), nos. 61, 62; Schroder in AUgemeine Deutsche Biographie, 45, 132-36; Maclean, The Literature of the Celts (London, 1906), 376-78. ArTHUB F. J. RemY.
Zhitomir. See Ldtzk, Zhitomir, and Kame-
NETZ, DiOCE.SE OF.
Ziegelbauer, Magnoald, historian, b. at EU- wangen, Swabia, 1689; d. at Olmiitz, 14 Jan., 17.50. He took vows at the Abbey of Zwiefalten 21 Nov., 1707, was ordained priest, 21 March, 1713, and became professor of theology at his monastery. Soon, how- ever, some iUitcrate monks of Zwiefalten manifested their aversion to the learned and studious Ziegelbauer, who obtained his abbot's permission to reside at another monastery of his order. At first he went to Reichenau, where he taught theology. About 1730 the prior of this imperial monastery sent him to the court of Vienna on business pertaining to the monas- tery, after the successful accomphshment of which he taught moral theology at Gottweig from 1732-33, then returned to Vienna to devote himself to literary labours. In 1734 he became tutor of the young Barons von Latermann. From 1747 he resided at Olmiitz as secretary of the learned club "Societas incognitorum". His chief Uterary production is "Historia rei literarise ordinis S. Benedicti", which was published posthumously by his friend and collab- orator Oliverius Legipontius (4 vols., Aug.sburg, 1754) and still remains the standard hterary history of the Benedictine Order. His other 19 printed works (see list in Lindner, loc. cit. below) include "Mancipatus illibatae virginis deiparse " (Constance, 1726); "Leben- geschichte des ertz-martyrers Stephani" (Vienna, 1736); "Epitome historica regii, liberii et exenipti in regno Bohemiae antiquissimi monasterii Brevnovien- sis" (Cologne, 1740); and other historical and theo- logical treatises of minor importance. Among his unprinted works are "Olomucium sacrum", an eccle- siastical history of Moravia and its bishops, and "BibUotheca IJohemica", a collection of WTiters on Bohemia.
Legipontus, Elogium historicum, prefixed to vol. I of Hist, rei literarice O.S.B., and reproduced by Monse, Infulcp doct(s Mora- vice (Briinn, 1779), 151-92; Lindner in Studien und Mitteil- ungen aus dem Ben. und Cist. Orden, IV (Wiirzburg, 1S83), i, 70-78; BEHLifcBE in R6vue Blnidictine, XV (Maredsous, 1898),
261-t. Michael Ott.
Ziegler, Gregorids Thomas, Bishop of Linz, b. at Kirchheim near Augsburg, 7 March, 1770; d. at Linz, 15 April, 18.52. He joined the Benedictines at Wiblingen in 1788, was ordained priest, 25 May, 1793, teaching in various Benedictine institutions until 23 October, 1802, when he became prior of his monastery. After the suppression of Wiblingen in 1806 he removed with soin(> of his. confreres to Tiniec in Poland and taught theology at the neighbouring University of Cracow. When the Benedictines were forced to leave Tiniec in 1S09 he was engaged as pro- fessor of church history at the Lyceum of Linz, 1809-15, and of theology at Vienna, 18i5-22. On 2 February, 1822, he became Bishop of the new Diocese of Tiniec, but transferred his see to Tarnow, w'here he began the erection of a seminary and renovated the cathe- dral. On 13 April, 1827, he was promoted to the Diocese of Linz. He laboured successfully for the emancipation of the Church from gox-crnmental en- croachments, fostered the religious life of the clergy and laity by introducing clerical retreats and popular missions, and ailvanced the religious education of the laity by introducing religimis orders. He is the author of "Die Fcier dcr heil. Firmung in der Kath.
Kirche" (Vienna, 1817); "Das Kath. Glaubens-
princip" (Vienna, 1823); "Zuge und Schilderungen
aus dem Leben des sel. Seb. Franz Job" (Linz, 1835)
and various minor works, pastoral letters, occasional
lectures, and sermons. He also re-edited Klypfel's
" Institutiones theologiir dogmatica-" (Vienna, 1819-
21) and contributed various theological treatises to
Frint's "Theologisehe Zeitschrift" (Vienna, 1813-16).
Lindner in Studien und Mitteilungen aus dem Ben. und Cist. Orrfen, IV (Wurzburg, 1883), i, 418-23; ScriptoresO.S.B. qui 1750- 1880 fuerunt in Jmperio Auatriaco-Hungarico (Vienna, 1881), 529- 31; WtjRZBACH, Biogr. Lexikon des Kaisertkums Oesterreich, LX (Vienna, 1891), 50-2; Hiptmair, Geschichle des Bisthums Lim (Linz, 1885), 179-214.
Michael Ott.
Zierikzee, Cornelius van, b. at Zierikzee (whence he takes his surname), a town in the Province of Zee- land, HoUand, about 140.5; d. 21 Feb., 1462. The strict observance of the Franciscan Rule, upheld and propagated throughout Italy by St, Bernardine of Siena and St. John Capistran, was early introduced into Germany. At twenty Cornelius entered the Franciscan Order in the Province of Cologne, which at that time included the greater part of the Nether- lands. It w-as famous for the number and sanctity of its members, among whom were several Scotch- men who had been educated at the universities on the Continent.
This revival of the Franciscan life under the guidance of St. Bernardine no doubt came to the knowledge of King James I of Scotland, whose poetic spirit was in harmony with the Franciscan ideal. In 1436 the king requested the superiors of the order that he might have Friars of the Ob- servance sent into his kingdom; but it was not until after the provincial chapter of the Observants held at Gouda in 1447, and apparently because of a fresh application by his son King James II, that it was decided to comply with the royal wishes. John Perioche de Mauljerg, Vicar-general of the L'ltra- montine Observants, selected Fr. CorneUus as head of the mission. Fr. Cornelius was accompanied by six associates, of whom at least one, Fr. John Richard- son, a graduate of the University of Paris, was a Scot; they were received with enthusiasm by all classes. Within a few years after the arrival of the Observants in Scotland they established nine convents in different towns; the postulants for admission to the order were numerous; youths belonging to the best families renounced the world to embrace the Franciscan life of poverty. Among those who received the habit from Fr. Cornelius were: Jerome Lindsay, U.J.D., of Paris, son of the Earl of Crawford, com- memorated in the Franciscan Martyrology with title of blessed, pre-eminent for his humility, mortifi- cation, and spirit of prayer; David Crannok, who was physician to King James II and his consort Queen Margaret; he succeeded Fr. Cornehus in the government of the convents; Robert Keith, re- nowned for the sanctity of his life, a member of the family of the Earl Marishal; later on Robert Stuart, kinsman of King James \ . The General Chapter of the Observants held at Mont-Luzon (Bourbonnais) erected the Scottish convents into a province, and granted it a seal representing St. Bernardine holding a tablet with the Holy Name painted on it and three mitres at his feet, to mark that the Scotch province owed its origin to the companions of the saint.
The Scotch Franciscans enjoyed a great reputation throughout lOurope for adhering most conscientiously and strictly to the poverty and austeritj- of the order. James IV wrote to the pope in 1506 in praise of the Observants in his kingdom and their works. The Scotch province was in a flourishing state when the religious revolution broke out and the convents were destroyed. In 1560 Father John Patrick, Minister Provincial, accompanied by oxov one hundred fathers, left Scotland for the Netherlands, where they were
