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HALL 449 HALL ing New Brunswick, and named in honor of the Earl of Halifax. It was incor- porated as a city in 1842, It is governed by a mayor, elected annually by the citi- zens, and 4 controllers and 12 council- men, elected for tvro years. The city sends two members to the Canadian House of Commons, and three to the Provincial Legislature. Pop. about 46,- 600. On Dec. 6, 1917, the collision of two munition vessels off the harbor caused an explosion and conflagration that destroyed property over 2% square miles, and was followed on the next day by a severe blizzard. The catastrophe caused the death of 1,158 persons, while upward of 4,000 were injured and 20,- 000 were made homeless. HALL (hal), or SCHWABISCH HALL, a town of Wiirttemberg, in the deep valley of the Kocher, 33 miles E. by S. of Heilbronn. Like other places in whose names the word Hall or Salz occurs. Hall has considerable saltworks, the brine being obtained from Wilhelms- gliick, 5 miles distant. There are also cotton-spinning and weaving, silk and machine manufactures and tanneries. The Gothic church of St. Michael (1427- 1525) has excellent wood-carvings. In 1276 Hall was made a free imperial town ; it had enjoyed since 1228 the right of minting money; here were coined the first silver heller (hdller) or farthings. In 1802 it was added to Wiirttemberg. Pop. about 10,000. HALL. CHARLES CTJTHBERT. an American educator; born in New York, Sept. 3, 1852; was graduated at Wil- liams College in 1872, and studied theol- ogy at the Union Theological Seminary and in London and Edinburgh; was pas- tor of Presbyterian church till 1897, when he was elected president of Union Theological Seminary. In 1902-1903 he lectured in India and the Far East. Author: "Universal Elements of the Christian Religion" (1902) ; "Christian- ity and the Human Race" (1906) ; "Christ and the Eastern Soul" (1909). He died in 1908. HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS, an American Arctic explorer; born in Roch- ester, N. H.. in 1821. He was successive- ly a blacksmith, journalist, stationer and engraver, and, becoming interested in the fate of the Franklin expedition, he made two search expeditions, in 1860- 1862 and 1864-1869, living alone among the Eskimo, and bringing back some relics and the bones of one of Franklin's company; and in 1871 he sailed in com- mand of the government ship "Polaris," on an "expedition to the North Pole." He took his vessel for 250 miles up the channel leading from Smith's Sound, and on Aug. 29 reached 82° 16' N.— at that date the highest N. latitude ever reached; then turning he went into winter-quar- ters at Thank God Harbor, Greenland (81° 38' N.). Here, on his return from a sledge expedition to the N., he was taken suddenly ill, and died Nov. 8, 1871; over his grave a grateful epitaph was placed by the British polar expedi- tion in 1876. Among the valuable re- sults of Hall's work were the explora- tion of the West Greenland channel, and the extension of Greenland and Grinnell Land 1'^^° N. Hall published "Arctic Researches, and Life Among the Esqui- maux" (1864) ; and from his papers largely was compiled the "Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition" (1879). HALL. GRANVILLE STANLEY, an American educator, born at Ashfield, Mass., in 1846. He graduated from Wil- liams College in 1867, and studied at the Union Theological Seminary in the fol- lowing year. He then took post-grad- uate courses in Germany and in Lon- don. From 1872 to 1876 he was pro- fessor of psychology at Antioch College, and was instructor in English at Har- vard in 1876-7. From 1881 to 1888 he was professor of psychology at Johns Hopkins University. In the latter year he was president and professor of psy- chology at Clark University. He was editor of several psychological maga- zines and was a member of many learned societies. He wrote "Aspects of German Culture" (1881) ; "Adolescence" (1904) ; "Educational Problems" (1911) ; "Founders of Modern Psychol- ogy" (1912) ; "Jesus the Christ, in the Light of Psychology" (1917) ; and "Psy- chology" (1917). HALL. LYMAN, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence; born in Connecticut, about 1731. He was graduated at Yale College in 1747, commenced the study of medicine at Sunbury, Ga., in 1752, represented the latter State in Congress 1775-1780, was appointed governor of his State in 1783, and died in 1791. HALL. ROBERT, an English clergy- man; born in Arnsby, Leicestershire, England, in 1764. He studied at the Baptist College at Bristol, and after- ward at Aberdeen. In 1783 he became assistant pastor of Broadmead Church in Bristol, suffered for a time from mental alienation, recovered and became pastor of the Baptist Church at Cam- bridge, where he soon acquired a great reputation by his preaching and his wTit- ings, such as "Apology for the Freedom of the Press" (1793)'; "Modern Infidel-