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HALLEY 451 HALLIWELL-PHILLIPPS breveted captain in 1847. He took a leading part in organizing the State of California, became captain of engineers in 1853, left the service in 1854, and for some time practiced law in San Fran- cisco. On the outbreak of the Civil War he re-entered the army, and in November, 1861, was appointed Commander of the Department of the Missouri, which in a few weeks he reduced to order. In March, 1862, the Confederate first line had been carried from end to end, and Halleck's command was extended so as to embrace, under the name of the De- partment of the Mississippi, the vast stretch of territory between the Rocky Mountains and the Alleghenies. His services in the field ended with the cap- ture of Corinth, with its 15 miles of in- trenchments, in May, 1862. In July he became General-in-Chief of the armies of the United States; and henceforth he directed from Washington the move- ments of the generals in the field, till, in March, 1864, he was superseded by General Grant. Halleck was chief of staff till 1865, commanded the Military Division of the Pacific till 1869, and that of the South till his death, Jan. 9, 1872. His "Elements of Military Art and Science" (1846; new edition 1861) was much used during the Civil War; and he also published books on mining laws, etc. HALLEY, EDMUND, an English as- tronomer and mathematician; born in Haggerston, near London, England, Oct. S? *=5^' s^^' i®li EDMUND HALLEY 29, 1656. He received his education at St. Paul's School, and Queen's College, Oxford, whei'e he attained so great a proficiency in mathematical studies, that in 1676 he published observations on a spot in the sun, by which the motions of that body on its axis were determined. The same year he went to St. Helena, where he determined the positions of 350 stars. In 1680 he made the tour of Europe with Mr. Nelson; and on the pas- sage to Calais was the first to observe the great comet — the same which visited the Western hemisphere again in 1835 (see Comet), After his return, he gave his attention to the theory of the plane- tary motions, which made him acquainted with Sir Isaac Newton, who intrusted to him the publication of his "Principia." To ascertain exactly the cause of the variation of the compass, he made several trips to the Western Ocean. In 1703 he was appointed Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford; in 1705 he made public his valuable researches on the orbits of comets; in 1713 he became secretary to the Royal Society; and in 1719 he succeeded Flamsteed as Astrono- mer Royal. The remainder of his life was chiefly spent in completing the theory of the motion of the moon. His principal works are: "Catalogue of the Southern Stars," "Astronomical Tables," "An Abridgment of the History of Comets," etc. He died in 1742. HALLIWELL-PHILLIPPS. JAMES ORCHARD, an English Shakespearean scholar and antiquary; born in Chelsea, London, June 21, 1820; the son of Thomas Halliwell. He was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge. His studies embraced the whole field of earlier Eng- lish literature, plays, ballads, popular rhymes and folklore, chap-books, and English dialects, and its fruits remain in the publications of the old Shakespeare and Percy societies. In 1839 he was elected Fellow of the Royal and Anti- quarian societies. Gradually he came to concentrate himself on Shakespeare alone and more particularly on the facts of his life, the successive editions of his "Out- lines of the Life of Shakespeare" (1848; 8th ed. 1889) recording the growing re- sults of his discoveries. In 1872 he took over the management of the property his wife (died 1879) inherited from her father, Thomas Phillipps, and assumed his father-in-law's name. Apart from Shakespeare, his "Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Tales of England" (1845) and "Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words" (1847; 6th ed. 1868) will keep his name from being forgotten. His magnificent edition in folio of the "Works of Shakespeare" (16 vols. 1853-1865) was published at a price prohibitive to most students. He died in Hollingbury Copse, near Brighton, England, Jan. 3, 1889.