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PALI 88 FALLEN by Napoleon III. to give an account of the Syrian massacres, he went disguised as a physician on a daring expedition at the emperor's expense through central Ara- bia, traversing the entire Wahabi king- dom, and returning to Europe through Bagdad and Aleppo (1862-1863). His "Narrative of a Year's Journey Through Central and Eastern Arabia" (1865), is one of the best books of travel in the English language. Palgrave quitted the Society of Jesus in 1864. He was nomi- nated consul at Sukhum-Kale in 1866, at Trebizond in 1867, St. Thomas in 1873, at Manila in 1876, and consul-general in the principality of Bulgaria in 1878, and in Siam in 1880. He was appointed Brit- ish minister to Uruguay in 1884. His other works are: "Essays on Eastern Questions" (1872); "Hermann Agha: an Eastern Narrative" (1872); "Dutch Guiana" (1876) ; and "Ulysses, or Scenes and Studies in Many Lands" (1887). He died in Montevideo, Sept. 30, 1888. PALI, an Indian language, originally the popular dialect of Maghada, now Behar. Buddha preached in it, and the writings embodying his faith were com- posed in it, on which account it became the sacred language of Buddhism. It is closely akin to Sanskrit. PALILIA, A Roman goddess of shepherds. PALIMPSEST, a piece of parchment whose original writing has been removed to fit it for a subsequent record. PALINGENESIS, a biological law which states that the characteristics of the offspring are inherited from the par- ents, in contrast to the theory of ceno- genesis, which states that the character- istics are the result of environment. An illustration of the first case is the development of the frog, which under- goes a complete change, not only in out- ward appearance, but in respiratory sys- tem, in the change from the polliwog, with the long tail and respiratory gills, to the tailless frog with lungs for breathing. Research has proved that this has al- ways been the development of this type of animal. On the other hand, in the case of many insects, the offspring were born in the form of the parent, but have recently (biologically speaking) devel- oped a laval stage of development — ^for example, the change of the caterpillar into the moth. PALISADE, a fence or fencing of pales or stakes driven into the ground, to form an inclosure, as a protection to property. In fortification, a row of stakes set firmly in the ground and pre- senting a sharp point to an advancing party. The stakes are placed vertically at the foot of the slope of the counter- scarp, or presented at an angle at the foot of a parapet, or on the banquette of the covered way. PALISSY, BERNABD, a French pot- ter and chemist; born in Agen about 1508. He wrote several works on natural philosophy, and on subjects connected with the art of pottery. His pottery has become celebrated, and few things are more prized by the connoisseur than the famous "Palissy ware." Being a Protestant, he was ar- rested by the Leaguers toward the end of the reign of Henri III., and died in the Bastille in 1589. PALISSY WARE, a peculiar pottery first manufactured in France by Bernard Palissy of Saintes, about 1555. His works are remarkable for the high re- lief of his figures and ornament, which consist frequently of models from na- ture of fish, reptiles, shells, leaves, etc., all most carefully and naturally colored. The art may be said to have died with him. PALK STRAIT, a channel between the mainland of India and the N. part of Ceylon, abounding in shoals, currents, sunken rocks, and sand-banks. PALLADIUM, in classical antiquities, a celebrated statue of Pallas or Minerva, on the preservation of which depended the safety of the city of Troy. This cir- cumstance being known to the Greeks during the Trojan War, Ulysses and Dio- medes, by the advice and aid of Helenus, son of Priam, climbed secretly by night over the ramparts of Troy and carried it off. In chemistry, a tetrad metallic ele- ment discovered by Wollaston in 1803. It is found associated with platinum and gold, in South America. It resembles platinum in its malleability and ductility, but is more fusible, less dense, and has a more silvery appearance. In mineralogy, an isometric native metal, not found pure, but mostly al- loyed with a little platinum and iridium. Sometimes found in minute octahedrons, but mostly as grains, with native plati- num, in Brazil. PALLAS, in Greek mythology, the goddess of wisdom. Her attributes and character were similar to those of the Roman Minerva. PALLEN, CONDE BENOIST, an American journalist and writer, born at St. Louis, in 1858. Graduated from Georgetown University in 1880, and