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PALLIUM 89 PALM afterward carried on post-graduate courses in other universities. From 1887 to 1^97 he was editor of the "Church Progress" and "Catholic World." He had charge of the Roman Catholic de- partment in a number of encyclopjedias and was managing editor of the "Catho- lic Encyclopedia." He was author of "The Philosophy of Literature," (1897); "What is Liberalism?" (1899); "Educa- tion of Boys," (1916). He also produced several volumes of poems. PALLITJM, a square woolen cloak, much resembling the chlamys, from which it can only be distinguished by its greater length and amplitude. It was capable of enveloping the entire person, which it could cover at night as a blan- ket. It was much worn by the Greeks, 'direct from the ground; others are sar- mentose, twining about the stems and branches of neighboring trees, by means of books or prickles, or trailing on the ground with stems of almost incredible length and extreme slenderness, as in the case of many of the Calami. The interior of the stem is generally soft and pithy, intermingled with bundles of fiber longitudinally. The leaves vary much in form superficially, but all the variations belong to two types — the fan veined and the pinnate-veined. In the former the general outline is that of a fan. In the other type the leaves are more or less elongated. Leaves of this type are sometimes entire, but more generally pinnate, and impart much ele- gance and grace to the figure of the par- ticular species to which they belong. 1. Betel nut palm. 2. Palmyra palm. PALMS 3. Cocoanut palm. 4. Double cocoanut palm. corresponding to the toga of the Ro- mans. In ecclesiology, a pall, an orna- mental band of white wool three fingers broad, to be worn around the shoulders, with pendants a span in length before and behind, the ends ornamented with red crosses. In the time of Gregory VII. (1073-1085) archbishops went for it to Rome; afterward the Popes sent it to them when they received their appoint- ment. In zoology, the mantle of a bi- valve mollusk. PALM (Palmx or Palmacex), a nat- ural order of endogenous plants, the products of which are of extreme im- portance and utility to man. They are arborescent, with erect stems, usually slender as compared with the extreme height to which some of the species at- tain; and simple or rarely branching; some are stemless, their leaves springing The size of palm leaves varies extremely, some being only a few inches in length, as in some species of Malortia, while in Manicaria saccifera they attain the enormous proportions of 35 feet in length by 5 or 6 feet in breadth. The flowers are small individually, but nu- merous, usually of a yellow tint, and in some species powerfully odorous. They are unisexual, bisexual, or polygamous, the male and female flowers being borne in some species on diff'erent plants. The fruit when ripe is berry-like, drupaceois, plum-like, or, as in the cocoanut, nut- like. Palms are native chiefly of the tropi- cal regions of the earth. Their stems when young and tender are delicious and nutritious food; when old and ma- ture those of certain species yield valu- able farinaceous substances; some are valuable as timber trees, and the termi-