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PAULDING 146 PAVEMENT to Paris, where he became almoner to Queen Margaret of Valois. In 1616 he began the labors which occupied so large a portion of his life, and which included the foundation of the institution called the "Priests of the Mission or Lazarists," the reformation of the hospitals, the in- stitution of the Sisterhood of Charity, the instruction of idiots at his Priory of St. Lazare, etc. Among the last acts of his life was the foundation of an asylum for aged working people of both sexes, and a hospital for all the poor of Paris, which was opened in 1657. He was can- onized in 1737. He died in 1660. PAULDING, JAMES KIRKE, an American author; born in Dutchess co., N. Y., Aug. ?2, 1779. Self-educated, he early showed a tendency to literature, and, being a friend of Washington Irv- ing, wrote a portion of "Salmagundi." During the War of 1812 he published the "Diverting History of John Bull and Brother Jonathan"; and in 1814, "The United States and England," a defense against articles in the "Quarterly Re- view." This gained him an appointment on the Board of Naval Commissioners. He still continued to write minor satires and humorous sketches, and in 1831 pub- lished the very successful novel, "The Dutchman's Fireside," and in 1832 "Westward Ho!" "Life of Washington" (1835) and "Slavery in the United States" (1836), in which the institu- tion is defended on social, economical, and physiological grounds. In 1837 Van Buren appointed him Secretary of the Navy. He died at Hyde Park, N. Y., April 6, 1860. PAXJLINUS, an English missionary to Northumbria, counted as the first of the archbishops of York. He was a na- tive of Rome. He was sent on his mission by Gregory in 601, and first la- bored under Augustine in the evangeli- zation of Kent. By him he was conse- crated bishop in 625, when he accom- panied Ethelburga on her marriage to the still heathen Edwin, King of North- umbria. For a long time he made no progTess; but at length a great gather- ing was held at Goodmanham, near York, and Edwin and his court submitted to baptism at York, in a wooden chapel dedicated to St. Peter, the foundation of the Minster, Easter Sunday, 627. Pauli- nus now carried the Gospel over North- umbria, but after six years' constant labor the death of Edwin in battle at Hatfield put a sudden end to his work. In the same year he received the "pal- lium" as Archbishop of York from Rome, but he never returned, dying Oct. 10, 644. He was buried in the chapter house at Rochester. PAULIST FATHERS, a modern American society in the Roman Catholic Church, founded in New York by the late Rev. Isaac T. Hecker, in 1858. It is composed of priests who are engaged in missionary and literary work. In their work they adopt methods suitable to the customs of the United States, but for- eign to those of the Catholic Church in general. By this they have brought upon themselves severe criticism from conservative members of the church in Europe, and are accused of a desire to build up an American church. Their distinctive work is the endeavor to reach non-Catholics, and so they hold their meetings in the open air, or in school houses and town halls in preference to a church; they also use congregational singing, and hymns of the Protestant church. They have a printing plant of their own and conduct a monthly maga- zine called the "Catholic World." PAULUS HOOK, FORT, a Revolu- tionary fortress erected by the British on the site of Jersey City, N. J. PAITR, EMIL, an Austrian conductor and pianist. Born in Austria-Hungary 1855 he became a student in the Vienna Conservatory and in 1876 became kapell- meister at Cassel. In 1891 the Leipzig Stadt Theater elected him director and in 1893 he made his first trip to Amer- ica to succeed Arthur Nikisch as conduc- tor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. From 1899-1900 he conducted at the Metropolitan Opera House. In 1903 he returned to Europe, this time to Madrid to the Royal Opera. The next year the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra made him their conductor, where he remained until his return to Berlin in 1912 to be- come the conductor of the Royal Opera. PAUSANIAS, a Lacedaemonian gen- eral, nephew of Leonidas. He com- manded the allied Greeks against the Persians at the battle of Platsea in 479 B. c. He afterward, with a combined Greek fleet, delivered Greece, Cyprus, and finally Byzantium from the Persian rule. He entered into secret negotiations with Xerxes and planned to make him- self master of Greece. To escape arrest he sought shelter in the temple of Athene at Sparta, where he was shut in by the enraged people and starved to death (467 B. C). PAVEMENT, the hard covering of the surface of a board or footway; a floor or covering of stones, brick, wood, etc., laid evenly on the earth, so as to form a level,