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PAVIA 147 PAYN hard, and convenient passage. Among the pavements now in use the most com- mon are macadam, granite cubes, as- phalt, and wood, etc. Also a decorative or ornamental flooring of colored or plain tiles, stones, or brick. PAVIA, a city of northern Italy, capi- tal of a province of same name, on the Ticino, 19 miles S. of Milan. In the cathedral, commenced in 1448, but never finished, are the ashes of St. Augustine, in a sarcophagus ornamented with 50 bassi-rilievi, 95 statues, and numerous grotesques. The Certosa of Pavia, the most splendid monastery in the world, lies 4 miles N. of the city. It was founded in 1396, contains many beauti- ful paintings, and abounds in the rich- est ornamentation. The University of Pavia is said to have been founded by Charlemagne in 774. It consists of numerous colleges, a library of 120,000 volumes, a numismatic collection, ana- tomical, natural history, and other mu- seums, a botanic garden, a school of fine arts, etc. The university is attended by about 1,600 students. Manufactures silk. Here, Feb. 24, 1525, took place the battle of Pavia (sometimes called the second battle of Marignano), in which the Imperialists, under Lanney, defeated the French, and took Francois I. pris- oner. Pop. about 45,000. PAWNBROKER, one who is licensed to lend, or make a business of lending money on goods pawned or pledged. PAWNEES, a tribe of American In- dians who formerly resided in Nebraska, with branches extending into Kansas and Texas. They surrendered their lands S. of the Platte by treaty in 1833; suffered much thereafter at the hands of their hereditary enemies, the Sioux; and in 1876 removed, only 2,026 strong, to a reservation of 283,020 acres in Indian Territory. They numbered less than 1,000 in 1920. PAWTUCKET, a city in Providence CO., R. I., on the Pawtucket river, at the head of na gation, and on the New York and New England, and the New York, New Haven and Hartford rail- roads; 4 miles N. of Providence. The river here falls 50 feet, and this fact, with its proximity to the sea, led Sam- uel Slater in 1790 to select it as the site for the first cotton factory built in the United States. Here are water-works, public library, public and parochial schools, street railroad and electric light plants, National and savings banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. It has about 500 manufacturing estab- lishments, among which the most im- portant are cotton, woolen, and hair cloth mills, machine shops, and foun- dries, print works, and extensive thread mills. Pop. (1910) 51,622; (1920) 64,- 248. PAX, the Roman goddess of peace. PAX, in Church history, the kiss of peace. In the early Church the Roman osciilum was adopted and raised to a spiritual significance (Rom. xvi: 16; I Cor. xvi: 20; II Cor. xiii: 12; I Thess. v: 26). To obviate possible danger from this custom, the Apostolic Constitutions strictly decreed the separation of the sexes at public worship. The pax was given at mass in the Western Churches till the 13th century, when Archbishop Walter in 1250 introduced the metal pax, and its use spread to the Continent. The pax is now only given at high masses, and the formal embrace substituted for the kiss is confined to those in the sanc- tuary. Also an osculatorium; at first probably a crucifix, then a plate of metal adorned with a figure of Christ crucified, or some other pious picture or emblem, passed among the congregation to be kissed as a substitute for the actual kiss of peace. Its use is almost entirely con- fined to religious houses and seminaries. Called also Instrumentum, Tabella Pacis, Pacificale, and Freda. To give the pax, to exchange the for- mal embrace now substituted for the kiss of peace. PAXO (ancient Faxes), one of the Ionian Islands, lies S. E. of Corfu, has, with the smaller island of Antipaxo (1 square mile), an area of 8% square miles. Pop. (1920) about 5,000. Pro- duces wine, olives and olive oil, almonds, oranges, lemons, etc. Capital, Gaion, the seat of a bishoj^. PAYMASTER, an officer in the army and navy, from whom the officers and men receive their wages. In matters of general discipline the paymaster is sub- ordinate to the commanding officer of his regiment; but in regard to the immediate duties of his office he is directly responsi- ble to the war office. PAYN, JAMES, an English novelist; born in Cheltenham, England, in 1830; was graduated at Cambridge in 1854. From 1858 he edited "Chambers' Jour- nal," for which he wrote exclusively for many years. In 1882 he became editor of the "Cornhill Magazine." His works reach upward of 100 books, the best known being: "Lost Sir Massingberd"; "By Proxy"; "The Luck of the Dar- rells"; "The Talk of the Town"; "Some Literary Recollections" (1886) ; and