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PENOLOGY 175 PENROSE miles long and 20 wide, with numerous islands. It is tidal and navigable for large vessels to Bangor, 60 miles from its mouth. The chief trade is in lumber. PENOLOGY, the treatment of crime. In primitive times it had but one mean- ing, the extirpation of the criminal by the death sentence. In more modern times the object of penology has been to reform the criminal, and to make the punishments vary with the extent of the crime. Transportation has been em- ployed by France, England, and Russia, but is now absolutely abandoned by Eng- land and Russia and not frequently em- ployed by France. Imprisonment in some of its forms is at present the only punishment for crime outside of the death penalty. Because of their crowded and alto- gether neglected conditions the prisons of the world up to 1776 were instruments of torture more inhuman than many de- vised by the famous Inquisition. About that time John Howard, an English gen- tleman, began his effort to improve the conditions in the English prisons, and since his time imprisonment has ceased to be so inhuman. The modern penologist is now not so much interested in reforming conditions in the prison as he is interested in mak- ing these conditions such as will restore the prisoner to society as a useful mem- ber. Crime, it is held, is a disease, and the prison should be a hospital for those infected with crime. Under this princi- ple there have developed three ways of treating a prisoner while in jail, the first, keeping him entirely separate night and day from all the other prisoners; the second, keeping him separate only at night, the third, a system in which the prisoner holds converse with other prisoners in proportion as he is seen to improve in conduct and attitude. It is claimed for the first method of keeping the prisoners separate, that it prevents his continued association with other criminals, gives time for reflection, and enables the influence of his teachers to have some effect. The objections to the system are its expense, its failure to teach the prisoners co-operation, and its bad mental effect. That it does have some effect in preventing criminals from again relapsing into crime after they have been released from prison, was the general opinion of the last International Prison Congress. The second method, of having a common workshop by day and yet keeping in separate cells at night, has been chiefly practiced at the Auburn Penitentiary in New York, and its finan- cial success, because of the ability to turn out a considerable amount of goods from the prison factory, has led to its adoption in numerous other places. The third method begins with cellular con- finement, then among a certain class of "good" prisoners association is permit- ted and finally leads to the release of the prisoner on his parole. Many modern penologists have identi- fied themselves with the movement to have put in force the indeterminate sen- tence; viz., the judge fixing the maximum penalty for the crime but allowing the prison authorities permission to release the prisoner, keeping him under watch all the time. It is claimed that it would be just as ridiculous for a doctor to pre- scribe a certain amount of medicine to be taken by the patient, regardless of how it affected him, as it is to sentence a man for a certain number of years regardless of his progress during the period for which he was sentenced. Under the method of the indeterminate sentence the jailer can after a few months allow the prisoner liberties, and finally release him on parole. The fact that the conduct of the prisoner in the outside world is the sure test of the sincerity of his reform has given this method considerable popu- larity among penologists. It is also claimed for it that it makes co-opera- tion more possible between the prison au- thorities and the prisoner. PENRHYN ISLANDS, a group in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 9° 2' S.; Ion. 157° 35' W. They are densely wooded and popu- lous. The British flag was hoisted on the Penrhyn Islands in 1888. PENRITH, a market town of Cumber- land, England, in a picturesque and fer- tile valley, on the outskirts of the Lake District, 18 miles S. S. E. of Carlisle. It has a fine old ruined castle, where Richard III. (then Duke of Gloucester) is said to have resided, and a grammar school (1395; refounded 1564). In the churchyard are two ancient monuments, the "Giant's Grave" and the "Giant's Thumb," often visited by Sir Walter Scott; and N. E. of the town is the wooded Beacon (937 feet). There are sawmills, tanneries, and breweries, but the chief trade is agricultural. PENROSE, BOIES, United States Senator from Pennsylvania. Born in 1860 at Philadelphia, and graduated from Harvard University in the class of 1881. Two years later he was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia, but he has^ neve|; practiced law very extensively, his time being taken up by the politics of the Re- publican party and his public duties. He first entered politics as Republican