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PENROSE 176 PENSIONS, MOTHERS' member of the State House of Repre- sentatives, and later, in 1887, was elected to the State Senate. In 1897 the Repub- licans elected him to the United States Senate and have since regularly renomin- ated and elected him. In 1919 he became Chairman of the Finance Committee of ♦■'he Senate. BOIES PENROSE PENROSE, RICHARD ALEXANDER ITULLERTON, JR., an American geolo- gist, born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1863. Graduated Irom Harvard in 1884, took a post-graduate course in the same uni- versity. He was in charge of the survey of eastern Texas in 1888 and afterward made detailed surveys in Arkansas and other states. From 1892 to 1895 he was associate professor of economic geology at the University of Chicago and was full professor from 1895 to 1911. He acted as special geologist of the United States Geological Survey and reported on several important western gold fields. He was associate editor of the "Journal of Geology" and a member of many American and foreign geological socie- ties. He wrote many works on geologi- cal subjects, including "Geology of the Gulf Tertiary of Texas" (1889)'; "Man- ganese; Its Uses, Ores, Deposits" (1890) ; and "Iron Deposits of Arkansas" (1892). PENRYN, "head of the river," a town of Cornwall, England; at the head of a creek of Falmouth harbor, 3 miles N. W. of Falmouth town. Scarce a trace re- mains of Glasney College, founded in 1264 for 13 Black Augustinian Canons; and none of a palace of the bishops of Exeter. Neighboring quarries supply the famous Penryn granite — the mate- rial of Waterloo Bridge, the Chatham docks, and other great public works; and the town has besides some manufactures of paper, woolen cloth, gunpowder, etc. Incorporated by James I., it was taken by Fairfax in 1646. PENSACOLA, a city, port of entry and county-seat of Escambia co., Fla.; on Pensacola Bay, and on the Pensacola, Alabama, and Tennessee, the Louisville and Nashville, and the Gulf, Florida and Alabama railroads; 7 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. It has several orphans' and widows' homes, electric light plant, National banks, daily and weekly news- papers, a custom house, court house, and Marine Hospital. The city annually re- ceives vast quantities of yellow pine from the forests of Alabama, and ships it to all parts of the world. The other indus- tries include the shipment of iron, coal, cotton, and naval stores. Pensacola was settled by Spanish colonists before 1700. In 1719 it was captured by Bienville, but soon afterward was restored. The Brit- ish had possession of western Florida in 1763-1781, and during the wars with Napoleon were permitted to hold Pensa- cola, and organize expeditions in its har- bor. General Jackson seized the town Nov. 6, 1814, and the British withdrew, after blowing up the fort. In 1818 Jack- son again seized the place in prosecution of the Seminole War, on the plea that the Spanish authorities aided the In- dians. Pop. (1910) 22,982; (1920) 31,- 035. PENSACOLA BAY, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, at the W. extremity of Florida, defended at its entrance by Fort Pickens, on Santa Rosa Island, and Fort McRea on the mainland. The entrance between Santa Rosa Island and the main- land is a mile wide. Besides a light- house, there are a navy yard, marine hos- pital and barracks, and in the vicinity the villages of Bagdad and Milton. PENSIONS. See United States. PENSIONS, MOTHERS', the grant- ing of state subsidies to widowed, de- serted and, sometimes, divorced women with dependent children. Mothers' pen- sions are entirely of modern origin, and may be considered as a phase of the gen- eral tendency toward recognition of the