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PETEBHOF 207 i'ETERSBURG were superiors of the place till the rebel- lion of 1715, when the Old Pretender landed here, and after which their for- feited estates were purchased by the Ed- inburgh Merchant Maiden Hospital, to whose governors many improvements are owing. Of Marshal Keith a bronze statue was presented to the town in 1869 by King William of Prussia ; and the market cross, a granite Tuscan pillar (1833), bears the arms of the Earls Marischal. The public buildings in- clude the town hall (1788), with spire 125 feet high; the parish church (1803), with one of 118 feet. Of industries may be mentioned the woolen manufacture, boat building, and granite polishing. Peterhead was made a head port in 1838. From 1788 it gradually became the chief British seat of the seal and whale fish- eries till 1852. At present Peterhead is chiefly important for its great herring fishery, which during the herring season brings some 5,000 persons to the place. The S. harbor was commenced in 1773, and the N. harbor in 1818, a canal being formed between them in 1850; while a new harbor was formed and the S. harbor deepened under acts of 1873 and 1876. Their three basins, hewn out of the solid rock, together cover about 22 acres, but are as nothing compared with the great harbor of refuge, begun in 1886, which, but for the World War, would have been completed in 1921. In the neigh- borhood are the ruins of Inverugie, Ra- venscraig, and Boddam castles, all strongholds of different branches of the Keiths; Buchan Ness, the most E. point of Scotland, with a lighthouse (1827) ; and the Bullers of Buchan. Pop. (1918) 14,000. PETEBHOF, a palace of the emperor of Russia, on the S. shore of the Gulf of Finland, 18 miles W. of St. Petersburg, built by Peter the Great in 1711, con- tains a fine collection of paintings, and is surrounded by beautiful parks and gardens laid out on the model of those at Versailles, with cascades, terraces, and summer houses. Pop. (1918) about 15,000. PETER MARTYR, the patron saint of the Inquisition, a Dominican of Ver- ona, who, for the severity with which he exercised his inquisitorial functions, was in 1252 slain at Como by the infuriated populace. His death formed the subject of a masterpiece by Titian, destroyed by fire in Venice in 1867. PETER MARTYR, an Italian reform- er; born in Florence, Italy, Sept. 8, 1500; entered at 16 the order of the canons regular of St. Augustine at Fiesole, studied at Padua, and became abbot of Spoleto, and later prior of St. Peter at Aram near Naples. Here he was drawn into the doctrines of the Reformers by the teaching of Juan Valdes and Ochino, yet was appointed visitor-general of his order in 1541. His rigor made him hate- ful to the dissolute monks, said he was sent to Lucca as prior of San Frediano, but soon fell under the suspicions of the Inquisition, and had to flee to Zurich (1542). At Strassburg he was welcomed by Bucer, and made Professor of the Old Testament. In 1547 he went to England on Cranmer's invitation, lectured at Ox- ford on I Corinthians and Romans, and took an active part in the great contro- versy of the day. Mary's accession drove him back to Strassburg, then grown too Lutheran for his tastes, and at length in 1555 he repaired to Zurich, where he died Nov. 12, 1562. PETERS, CARL, a German traveler and administrator. He was born at Newhaus, Hanover, in 1856, and studied at several German universities, and in London. He then traveled through parts of Africa, suitable for German coloniza- tion, becoming head of several German colonizing organizations, passing be- tween Germany and Africa. In 1888 he led an expedition to Victoria Nyanza, and went to the aid of Stanley and Emir Pacha. In 1891 he acted as Reichscom- missar in East Africa, and later formed companies for gold prospecting in Rho- desia, returning to Berlin in 1914. His works include: "Die Deutsche Emir Pascha Expedition"; "Das Goldene Ophii Salomos"; "Im Goldlande des Alter* tums"; "England und die Englander; "Die Griindung von Deutsch-Ostafri- ka"; "Zur Weltpolitik." PETERSBURG, a city and port of entry of Dinwiddie co., Va.; on the S. bank of the Appomattox river, the Up- per Appomattox canal, on the Atlantic Coast Line, the Norfolk and Western, and the Seaboard Air Line railroads; 22 miles S. of Richmond. Here are the Central State Hospital for the Insane, Home for the Sick, and Industrial Insti- tute, libraries, parks. National and State banks, street railroads, electric lights, and daily and weekly newspapers. The handling of cotton and tobacco, with wheat, corn, and general country produce, is the chief business. The city has to- bacco factories, cotton factories, flour and grist mills, and silk mills. The so- called siege of Petersburg lasted from June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865; and dur- ing its continuance 13 pitched batUes were fought in the neighborhood. The intrenchments of Lee and Grant still form conspicuous features in the land- scape; Grant's lines extended from the Appomattox to Fort Fisher, and thence