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PROGRESSIVE PARTY 355 PROHIBITION largely during the presidential election of 1912. The origin of the party came from the group of Progressive Republican senators and congressmen who opposed President Taft's attitude toward the tariff and the conservation of natural resources, regarding his position as too conservative and reactionary. In the pre-convention primaries of 1912 this group of Republicans persuaded ex- President Roosevelt to become their leader and to again become a candidate for the Republican nomination. Due largely to the forceful personality of Roosevelt and his vigorous campaigning he was able to win sweeping victories in every state where presidential prefer- ence primaries were held and came to the Republican convention with nearly half of that body pledged to his nomina- tion. The conservative leaders of the party by the use of the national com- mittee decided all of the contested dele- gations from the south in President Taft's favor, and thus were able by a narrow margin, to control the conven- tion and re-nominate the President. Roosevelt and his fellow progressives denounced the action of the leaders as fraud and decided to foi-m a third party which should embody in its platform their principles and nominate their leader. Accordingly in August, 1912, the Pro- gressive party was formed at a con- vention held in Chicago and Roosevelt was named for President, and Governor Hiram Johnson of California, for Vice- President. The platform contained the creed of the Progressives. It declared in favor of the direct election of Sen- ators, presidental preference primaries, the initiative and referendum, maximum safety and health standards for laborers, prohibition of child labor and night work for women, minimum wage stand- ards for women, woman suffrage, and the recall of judicial decisions. The convention of the party was character- ized by a high note of idealism and an almost religious fervor. Although not expected to be much of a factor in the race, the popularity and personality of their candidate and their excellent or- ganization made them formidable com- petitors. The Progressives expected to draw many votes from the Democratic as well as the Republican party, but the nomination of Governor Wilson, himself regarded as a progressive by the Demo- crats, largely confined the Progressives to dissatisfied Republicans and moderate Socialists. During the excitement of the cam- paign, an attempt was made to assassi- nate Roosevelt. Although he ultimately recovered in time to close the campaign, it took him out of the race at a critical time. The result of the election was that although the Democrats won the election by an overwhelming vote in the electoral college, the Progressives polled a larger popular and electoral vote than the Republicans. After 1912, the enthusiasm for the new party steadily waned, President Wilson's policies uniting the Progres- sives and Republicans in opposition. In 1916 the conventions of the two parties were both held in Chicago at the same time, and the Progressives, under the leadership of Roosevelt, decided to sup- port the Republican candidate. Justice Hughes. Although quite a few Pro- gressives were dissatisfied with this merger, they were not numerous or in- fluential enough to carry forward the new party. PROHIBITION, legislation forbidding the manufacture of and trade in alco- holic liquors, or even, in some cases, ren- dering the private possession of such liquors illegal. Though the use of spir- ituous liquors is as ancient as history, the idea of checking their use by legis- lation is of comparatively recent origin. It has required the investigations of modern medical science to show the tre- mendous harm done to human well-being and physical health by the unrestrained use of alcoholic beverages. With this knowledge, there has been a general awakening on the part of all peoples to a realization of this evil as preventable, and it may now be said that the senti- ment for prohibition is as widespread as civilization itself. In this country there was already a. prohibition movement before the_ Civil War, which took concrete form in the heavy licensing of saloons, with local op- tion legislation in many small communi- ties. The first legislation of more than local character, however, was undoubt- edly the laws forbidding the sale of liquors to the Indians. The first State to take action was Maine. Here the evil results of drunkenness was especially obvious, on account of the large quanti- ties of rum brought into the state by the traders sailing between Maine ports and the West Indies. A strong agitation for legislation began in 1846, with the re- sult that in 1851 a law was passed pro- hibiting the manufacture of and traffic in all intoxicating liquors. This law was later incorporated into the state consti- tution by amendment. In 1852 Rhode Island, Massachusetts and Vermont also passed prohibition laws, but these were soon after repealed by the two latter states. Beginning in the early eighties, a strong movement for prohibition be- gan to make headway in the Middle West,