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PHOHIBITION 356 PROJECTILES, THEORY OF and during the next few years laws were passed in Kansas, Iowa, North and South Dakota. Iowa later modified her legis- lation, through the Mulct Law, passed in 1894, which sought to institute a system of heavy licensing, instead of pure pro- hibition. The two Dakotas later com- pletely repealed their prohibition laws, but North Dakota again passed over to the "dry" States in 1914. Oklahoma went dry in 1907, and Idaho in 1915. Shortly after 1900 a growing sentiment against the liquor traffic became mani- fest in the South. While moral consid- erations undoubtedly had their influence, this sentiment was also influenced by the fact that it was becoming obvious to the Southerners that the Negro problem was becoming more difficult on account of the growing intemperance of the Negroes. In 1907 Georgia passed a law for prohi- bition, and a few months later Alabama followed her example. Alabama, how- ever, virtually repealed her law in 1911, only to re-enact it again in 1915. Then followed Mississippi and North Carolina, in 1908; West Virginia, in 1912; Vir- ginia, in 1914; Arkansas and South Car- olina, in 1915. Meanwhile, in the West, Arizona, Colorado, Oregon and Wash- ington joined the prohibition States in 1914. Behind this growing popular senti- ment pushed the propaganda of two strong organizations; the Prohibition party, which carried on an intensive agi- tation during all the elections; and the Anti-Saloon League. Of the two the latter undoubtedly made the stronger ap- peal, especially to the women, who, bet- ter than the men, perhaps, understood the demoralizing influence of the saloon on American youth, and on American politics. As one State after another passed laws granting suflPrage to women, the political power of the Prohibition movement also grew. To the above States, which had passed prohibition laws, should be added those which passed local option laws; legisla- tion allowing each community to decide for itself the question of whether prohi- bition should prevail in its own domain. These were Delaware, Alabama and Kentucky. Altogether there were in 1915 only three States which had not passed some kind of legislation against intoxicating liquors, these three being Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Nevada. Early in 1917 a constitutional amend- ment was presented to Congress, but failed to pass by the necessary two- thirds majority. On December 17, 1917, it was again presented, and this time it passed both the House and the Senate. On Nov. 1, 1917, Congress enacted the necesary legislation to bring the District of Columbia over into dry terri- tory. Meanwhile, also, on Sept. 8, 1917, war prohibition was instituted, for- bidding the further manufacture of spir- ituous liquors, with the exception of l^er and the lighter wines, this modification being made through the personal influ- ence of President Wilson. Another im- portant piece of legislation passed in 1917 was the Reed Amendment to the Bankhead Bill, going into effect July 1, which forbade the shipment of liquors into States where prohibition legislation had already been enacted. During 1918 the national amendment for prohibition was ratified by the legis- latures of 15 States, though only 11 of these were in regular session, indicating that special sessions had been called in four cases. Five new States were also added to the completely dry list : Florida, Nevada, Ohio, and Wyoming, these by constitutional amendments, and Texas, by a statutory measure. Minnesota was only saved from going dry by the fact that the majority of 16,000 voters who voted in favor of it were not a ma- jority of the general electorate, the law being that a majority of the voters in the State must pass it, and not a ma- jority of those who voted specially for the measure. Porto Rico and Alaska, of the outlying possessions, also went dry. On Jan. 16, 1919, the required ratification of three-fourths of the States was secured by the act of the Nebraska Legislature, and on January 29 the amendment to the Constitution of the United States, declaring illegal the man- ufacture and sale of all alcoholic liquors, was adopted and incorporated within the basic laws of the nation, to take efiect on Jan. 16, 1920. Eventually the amend- ment was ratified by all except three States. PROJECTILE, a body projected or im- pelled forward by force, especially through the air. Thus, a stone dis- charged from a sling, an arrow from a bow, and a bullet from a rifle, are all projectiles, but the term is more par- ticularly applied to bodies discharged from firearms. PROJECTILES, THEORY OF, that branch of mechanics which treats of the motion of bodies thrown or driven some distance by an impelling force, and whose progress is affected by gravity and the resistance of the air. The most common cases are the balls projected from cannon or other firearms. If thrown horizontally, the body will move in a curved path, while it falls faster and faster toward the ground. A body pro-