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STOMACH 98 STONE of cells in which water is stored up and long retained for use in time of drought and of long journeys over the desert. (See Camel.) In birds there are three small, but dis- tinct dilatations of the alimentary canal, called the crop, gizzard, and proventric- ulus, and in most reptiles the simplicity of the oesophagus extends to the stomach. In fishes, two forms are found, the siphonal stomach and the cfecal, in which the upper portion gives off a long blind sac. In the higher invertebrata there is a digestive tract with functions anal- ogous to those of the stomach of Verte- brates; in the lower there may (Hydra) or may not (Amoeba) be a gastric cavity in which food is ingested and absorbed. In the latter case the living protoplasm closes over its prey, and after a time by a reversing process, the indigestible remains are ejected. To those tracts or cavities, the name stomach is often ap- plied. See Digestion. STOMACH PUMP, in surgery, a suc- tion and force pump for withdrawing the contents of the stomach in cases of poisoning, etc., and also used as an in- jector. It resembles the ordinary syringe, except that it has two apertures near the end, in which the valve opens different ways, so as to constitute a sucking and forcing passage. STOMAPODA, an order of crustaceans, having six to eight pairs of legs, mostly near tiie mouth (hence the name). They are found chiefly in intertropical cli- mates, and are almost without exception marine. The order includes the locust shrimps (Squilla) , the glass shrimps (Erichthys), and the opossum shrimps (Mysis) . STONE, the material obtained from rocks; the kind of substance they pro- duce. Also a gem; a precious stone. ' Something made of stone; as a monu- ment erected to preserve the memory of the dead; a gravestone. Something which resembles a stone; as (a) a cal- careous concretion in the kidneys or bladder; hence, the disease arising from a calculus (see Calculus) ; (b) the nut of a drupe or stone fruit; the hard cov- ering inclosing the kernel, and itself in- closed by the pericarp; the hard and bony endocarp of a drupaceous fruit. The word is also applied to a measure of weight in use throughout the north- west and central countries of Europe, but varying much in different places. The English imperial standard stone is a weight of 14 pounds avoirdupois, but there are stones of other weights for particular commodities; thus the stone of butoher's meat or fish is 8 pounds, of cheese 16 pounds, of hemp 32 pounds, of glass 5 pounds, etc Stone is not used as a technical term in either petrology or geology, though it enters into the composition of words in those sciences, as Portland stone. STONE, ARTIFICIAL. Most varie- ties of artificial stone (using the term in a restricted sense, excluding brick and terra-cotta) have a base of hydraulic mortar, with which sand and pulverized stone of different kinds are mixed. Mr. Ransome of Ipswich, England, intro- duced a kind of artificial stone in which siliceous instead of calcareous matter was employed as the cementing mate- rial. The process at present followed in the manufacture of this artifici- 1 stone consists in carefully mixing well-dried sand and dust of chalk with silicate of soda, obtained by digesting liints under pressure in a boiling solution of caustic soda. After molding, the blocks are ex- posed to the action in vacuo of chloride of calcium in a solution, where, by chem- ical reaction, the block is transformed into a silicate of lime, a body of un- usual strength and durability. The other compound formed is chloride of sodium, or common salt, and is removed with water. The artificial stone of Sorel, a French chemist, is made by mixing a cement formed of the basic oxychloride of mag-nesiun; with sand, chalk, or powdered marl 'c. The ce- ment, which may be molded of itself into a hard stone, is procured by acting on protoxide of magnesium (calcined and ground carbonate of magnesia or mag- nesite) with a concentrated solution of chloride of magnesium. STONE, ELLEN M., an American missionary; born in Roxbury, Mass., July 24, 1846; received a public school education; settled in Chelsea, I'^.ass., in 1860; became a teacher; and for 11 years was on the staff of the "Congre- gationalist." She went to Bulgaria as a missionary in 1878. About Sept. 1, 1901, with a companion, Mme. Tsilka, a native Bulgarian teacher, she was kidnaped by brigands who a few days later demanded an indemnity of $110,000, the money to be paid within 30 days. On Sept. 5, the news of Miss Stone's detention reached the United States, and her friends im- mediately notified the State Depai-tment at Washington and began a popular sub- scription to raise the required amount. The United States Government commu- nicated with the Bulgarian and Turkish authorities, who ordered troops to search for the retreat of the brigands for the purpose of releasing the captives. On