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STURM 131 STUYVESANT of his time Sturm took a prominent part, and on different occasions was sent on missions to France, England, and Den- mark. In religion he took sides with Zwingli against Luther, with whose fol- lowers in Strassburg he was in constant controversy, which embittered all the later years of his life. Guided and inspired by Sturm the town became one of the most important educational centers in Europe. Elementary and secondary education were provided for; but it was the ambi- tion of Sturm that the higher studies should also be within reach of every youth of Strassburg. The divided coun- cils of the town, however, and the outlay the organization of such studies would imply delayed Sturm's scheme till as late as 1564. In that year was founded the Strassburg Academy, which, together with the gymnasium, supplied a complete course of instruction in all the learning of the time. It is his chief praise that beyond all his contemporaries he suc- ceeded in corelating public instruction to the moral and intellectual development of his time. He died in Strassburg March 3, 1589. STURMEIt, BORIS VLADIMIRO- VITCH, a Russian statesman. He studied law at the University of Petro- grad, and began his political career as a member of the Russian Senate in 1872. Following the coronation of Nicholas II,, he was recalled from the governorship of Novgorod and was made Master of Cere- monies at the Palace. He was again appointed governor of Novgorod in 1894, and in 1896 became gover- nor of Yaroslav. He was appointed president of the Council of Ministers in 1918, and in the same year succeeded Goremykin as minister of foreign affairs. He conspired with Rasputin and Pro- topopov, former minister of the interior, to poison the minds of the Czar and his wife. This was one of the chief causes of the revolt of 1917. In June, 1917, fol- lowing the revolution, he was indicted for abuse of his power, and was impris- oned in the fortress of St. Peter and St. Paul, where he died on September 3d. Disclosures made following his death proved that he had betrayed Rumania to the Germans and in other ways taken the part of Germany against the interests of his own country. STURT, CHARLES, an Australian explorer; born in England; entered the army; and in 1825 was stationed at Syd- ney, New South Wales, with the rank of captain. In 1828 he led an expedition to explore the interior of Australia, and discovered the Macquarie, Castlereagh, and Darling rivers. He also explored the Murrumbidgee, and in 1830, discov- ered the Murray. In 1844 he penetrated to the great barren region nearly in the center of the continent. Subsequently he was made colonial secretary of South Australia, and the exposure to which he was subjected having undermined his health, he received a pension from the colony. He returned to England totally blind. He wrote "Two Expeditions into the Interior of South Australia in 1828- 1831" (London, 1833), and "Narrative of an Expedition into Central Australia in 1844-1846" (London, 1849). He died in Cheltenham, England, June 16, 1869. STUTTGART, capital of the Republic of Wiirttemberg, Southern Germany, beautifully situated near the left bank of the Neckar, and closely surrounded by vineyard slopes, 816 feet above the sea. With the exception of part of the lower and older town, it consists of spacious streets and squares lined with fine build- ings, among the latter being the new- palace, finished in 1807; the old palace (1570) ; the Stiftskirche, a Gothic struc- ture of the 15th century; the Gothic hos- pital church, containing a statue of our Saviour by Dannecker; and several other churches; the royal library (400,000 vols.) ; the museum and picture gallery; the polytechnic school; a great building containing the exchange and concert rooms, etc. ; the theater, the town hall, and many other buildings. There are several high-class educational establishments, the polytechnic being the chief. Before the World War Stuttgart was the chief cen- ter in south Germany for the book trade, connected with which were paper mills, type foundries, printing presses, and lithographic establishments. The other leading manufactures included dyes, chemicals, woolen and cotton goods, vari- ous fancy articles, jewelry, musical in* struments, mathematical and scientific instruments, liquors, confectionery, and beer. Stuttgart dates from 1229, and in 1320 became the residence of the counts of Wiirtemberg. From 1436 to 1482 it was much improved and enlarged, and has since, with only a short interval, been the capital. E. from Stuttgart, and almost connected with it by the royal palace grounds, is the town of Cannstatt. Pop. about 286,000. STUYVESANT, PETER, a Dutch mili- tary governor; born in Holland in 1602; served in the West Indies, was director of the Dutch colony of Curagoa, and lost a leg in an attack on the Spanish island of St. Martin. In 1647 he was made director-general of the New Netherlands, and reached New Amsterdam (now