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STYBIA 133 SUBLIMATION THEORY of the four rivers mentioned above. On the S. plains and in the valleys the land is fertile, and wheat, maize, hemp, flax, and the poppy are raised. The vine thrives well in many districts. The chief sources of wealth are the forests and minerals, dairy farming, mining, and manufactures. Gratz is the capital. STYX, in mythology, one of the rivers of Hades — the 10th part of the waters of Oceanus — flowing round it seven times with dark and sluggish stream, across which Charon ferries the shades of the departed. The nymph of this stream was the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, and she first, together with her children, came to the help of ZeuS against the Titans. For this service they were taken to Olympus, and she herself became the goddess by whom the most solemn oaths of the immortals were sworn. When such an oath was taken Iris brought some of her sacred water in a golden cup, and whoever swore falsely by it lay speechless and breathless for a year, and was banished nine years from the councils of the gods. A rocky stream falling into the Crathis in the N. E. of Arcadia bore this name, the scenery around it being fittingly weird and desolate. SUAJBIA, an ancient German duchy. After bearing the name of Alemannia, its original inhabitants the Alemanni, changed it to Suevia or Schwaben- land, in consequence of the incursion of the Suevi. On the division of the kingdom of the Franks in 843, Suabia, along with Bavaria, became as it were the nucleus of Germany, and its rulers continued for many centuries to hold a prominent place in its history. In 1376 was formed, chiefly by the union of its tovms, the celebrated Suabian League. From 1512 to 1806 Suabia formed one of the 10 circles into which the German empire was divided. The name of Suabia is also given to a divi- sion of Bavaria. Augsburg is its capital. SUAKIN or SUAKIM, a seaport of the Red Sea, stands on a small rocky island in a bay on its W. side, and is the principal outlet for the commerce of Nubia and of the countries of the Sudan beyond. The island town is connected with the settlement of El-Keff on the adjacent mainland by a causeway. There is some trade in silver ornaments, knives and spear heads, and leather work. The more important exports are silver ornaments, ivory, gums, millet, cattle, hides, and gold; the imports, durra, cottons, flour, sugar, rice, ghi, dates, and coal. Here some 6,000 or 7,000 pilgrims embark every year for Mecca. The Egyptians occupied this port when they extended their power over the Sudan; and in its vicinity sev- eral battles were fought between the allied Egyptians and English against the fanatical followers of the Mahdi. Pop. about 10,500. SUB-DEACON, the lowest step in holy orders in the Roman Catholic Church, the highest of the minor orders among the Greeks. In the Roman Catholic Church, sub-deacons prepare the sacred vessels and the bread and wine for mass, pour the water into the chalice at the offertory, and sing the Epistle; in the Greek Church they prepare the sacred vessels, and guard the gates of the sanc- tuary. There are no sub-deacons in the Anglican Communion. SUBJECT, that which is placed under the authority, jurisdiction, dominion, or influence of something else. One who is under the authority, rule, or dominion of another. That on which any mental op- eration is exercised; that which is treated or handled as an object of examination, thought or discussion; that concerning which anything is affirmed or denied; as, a subject for inquiry or consideration. That on which any physical operation or experiment is performed; as, a subject for medical treatment. The hero of a piece; the person treated of; as, Byron is the subject of one of Macaulay's finest essays. In logic, the term of which the other is affirmed or denied; as, the sub- ject of a proposition. In grammar, the nominative case of a verb. In fine arts, that which it is the desire and aim of the artist to express; as, the subject of a picture. In anatomy, a dead body serv- ing as an object for anatomical dissec- tion. In music, the chief melody or theme of a movement. SUBIACO (ancient Sublaqueum), a city of Italy; in hills beside the Teverone; 32 miles E. by N. from Rome. It was the cradle of the Benedictine Order and the place where the printing press was first set up in Italy (1464). There are two monasteries dating from the 6th cen- century, one of which (Santa Scolastica) contains a small but valuable library, while the other was built near the cave in which St. Benedictine lived. The city was greatly favored by Pope Pius VI.; he enlarged its castle (built 1068), erected a church, etc. SUBLIMATION THEORY, in geology, the hypothesis that mineral veins, or many of them, have been filled by subli- mation. Volatile substances occur both