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SUMATRA 15S SUMNER 1834 and 1871 the Dutch were allowed the right to enlarge their territories by treaty, or by conquest and annexation. The tidal wave accompanying the vol- canic eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 caused great destruction on the S. coast of Sumatra. SUMBAWA, one of the chain of the Sunda Islands to the E. of Java; between Lombok (on the W.) and F lores (on the E.) ; area, 5,192 square miles; pop. about 75,000, all Malays and Mohammedans. They are divided between four native rulers, who owe allegiance to the Dutch governor of Celebes. The islands are mountainous but fertile, and yield rice, tobacco, cotton, sandalwood, etc. In 1815 an eruption of Tambora, the loftiest peak on the island, whereby the altitude was decreased from 14,000 to 7,670 feet, de- populated the kingdoms of Tambora and Papekat, 12,000 lives being lost and great damage done to the whole island by the ashes. Another eruption took place in 1836, and one of another peak, Gunong Api, in 1860, though with little loss. SUMMER, that season of the year when the sun shines most directly on any region; the warmest season of the year. N. of the equator it is commonly taken to include the months of June, July, and August; though some substitute May, June, and July. The former view con- forms better to fact. July, which by this arrangement is midsummer month, is the hottest in the year, for though the maxi- mum of heat is obtained on June 21, the longest day, the amount received for many subsequent days is greater than that lost by radiation, and the tempera- ture continues to increase. Summer is the appropriate season for the hay har- vest and for the ripening of the earlier fruits. Astronomically considered, sum- mer begins in the Northern Hemisphere when the sun enters the sign of Cancer about June 21, and continues till Sep- tember 23, during which time he passes through Cancer, Leo, and Virgo. In the Southern Hemisphere the opposite is the case, it being winter there when it is summer here, and vice versa. During the astronomical summer of the Southern Hemisphere the sun passes through (Cap- ricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces. SUMMIT, a city of New Jersey, in Union co. It is on the Delaware, Lacka- wanna and Western and the Rahway Val- ley railroads. It is a favorite residential place on account of its elevation and the beauty of its surrounding scenery. Its public buildings include a public library and a hospital. The chief industry is the manufacture of silk. Pop. (1910) 7,500; (1920) 10,174. SUMMONS, in law, a writ command- ing the sheriff, or other authorized of- ficer, to notify a party to appear in court, to answer a complaint made against him, and in the same writ specify some day therein mentioned. SUMNER, CHARLES, an American statesman; born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 6, 1811; was educated at Harvard Uni- versity. In 1834 he was called to the bar, and shortly afterward became reporter of the United States Circuit Court. In 1836 he published three volumes of Judge Story's decisions, subsequently known as "Sumner's Reports," and edited a period- ical called the "American Jurist." He visited Europe in 1837, and returned to Boston in 1840, where he resumed his CHARLES SUMNER legal practice. Between 1844 and 1846 he edited and published "Vesey's Re- ports" in 20 volumes. In 1851 he was elected to the Senate of the United States and distinguished himself by his strong antipathy to slavery. In May, 1856, after delivering a speech vigorously at- tacking the slaveholders, he was violently assaulted by Preston S. Brooks, member from South Carolina. His injuries com- pelled him to absent himself from public duties for nearly four years. He v/as a supporter of Lincoln and Hamlin, and in 1861 he became chairman of the Sen- ate Committee on Foreign Relations. He was an enemy to the policy of President Johnson and opposed the home and for- eign policy of President Grant. After the latter's re-election in 1872 Sumner seldom appeared in debate. He died in Washington, D. C, March 11, 1874. SUMNER, EDWIN VOSE, an Ameri- can military officer; born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 30, 1797. He was a captain in the Black Hawk War; served with