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SUEGERY 178 SURREY Geoffrey St. Hilaire in France, the brothers John and Charles Bell in Great Britain, the Meckels, Berres, Tiedemann, C. M. Langenbeck in Germany, seconded by physiologists like the Italian Panizzo, the Scotch Charles Bell, the English Marshall Hall, the French Magendie, Flourens, Duchenne, and Bernard, the German Prochaska, Purkinje, the brothers Weber, and Joannes Miiller, surgery owes the mighty advance she made in the first decades of the 19th cen- tury. Of these pioneers some were them- selves surgeons of the first rank, such as Scarpa and the brothers Bell; while among those who were equally great as teachers or writers and operators must be noticed Desault, Dupuytren, Roux, Delpech, and Lallemand in France; Lizars, Allan Burns, Liston, and Syme in Scotland; Abernethy, Astley Cooper, Brodie, and Lawrence in England; War- ren, Mott, and Gross in the United States; Wattman, Siebold, Walther, Che- lius, Langenbeck (already mentioned), Stromeyer, Graefe, and Dieffenbach in Germany; Kern, Pitha, and Linhart in Austria; Pirogoff and Szymanovsky in Russia, Anatomico-pathological rnu- seums and clinical instruction, displaying a wealth of object lessons impossible be- fore, ai'e among the chief causes of the perfection to which the surgical profes- sion is rapidly attaining. Add to these the introduction of anaesthetics, of the antiseptic ligature and dressing, of the galvano-cautery, of the transfusion of blood, and of the engrafting on patients of tissue taken from the healthy subject, and we can realize the revolution that has so altered the surgeon's art as to make its present position one of the greatest triumphs of human intellect, energy, and resource. The science of surgery received great impetus during the World War. Under the greatest dif- ficulties surgeons in all the armies per- formed operations of marvelous skill and ingenuity. SURINAM TOAD, in zoology, the Pipa ameriaina, a large flat toad, found on the edges of swamps in Surinam and the neighboring country. It is about a foot long, with a short, broad, pointed head, the nostrils produced into a leathery tube; large hind limbs with webbed feet; fore feet small, with four slender webbed fingers, terminating in four small projections. It is brown- ish-olive above, whitish below; the skin is covered with a number of tiny hard granules, interspersed with horny, tuber- cular projections. It has no tongue, and the jaws and palate are toothless. The species is propagated in an extremelv curious manner. When the eggs are laid, the male impregnates them, takes them in his paws, and places them on the back of the female, where they adhere by means of a glutinous secretion, and be- come by degrees embedded in a series of cells which then form in the skin. When the process is completed a mem- brane closes over the cells, and the back of the female bears a strong resemblance to a piece of dark honeycomb. In these cells the eggs are hatched and the young undergo their metamorphosis, bursting through the protecting membrane as per- fect frogs. SURMOUNTED, in architecture, de- noting an arch or dome which rises higher than a semicircle. In heraldry, a term denoting the position of a charge over which another charge of different color or metal is laid. The annexed fig- ures, which may respectively be bla- zoned: "Sable," a pile argent sur- mounted by a chevron gules; and "argent," a cross gules surmounted by another "or." SURPLICE, the outer garment of an officiating priest, deacon, or chorister in the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church, worn over their other dress during the performance of relig- ious services. It is a loose, flowing vest- ment of white linen, generally reaching almost to the feet, with broad, full sleeves. It differs from the alb in being fuller, and in having no girdle, nor em- broidery at the foot. SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF, an English poet; born about 1516, was the grandson of the Earl of Surrey who was the victor at Flodden, and who, as a reward for his services, was created Duke of Norfolk. He succeeded to the courtesy title of Earl of Surrey when his father became 2d Duke of Norfolk in 1524. The Howards held an eminent position at the court of Henry VIII., and Surrey's cousin, Catherine Howard, be- came the king's fifth wife. Surrey was one of the leaders of the early poetic movement under Henry VIII. Most of his poems were translations or adapta- tions of Italian originals. His transla- tions of the second and fourth books of the ^neid are the first attempt at blank verse in the English language. Shortly before Henry's death Surrey and his father were suspected of aiming at the throne, and were arrested and lodged in the Tower, and Surrey was tried, con- demned, and executed on Tower Hill Jan. 19, 1547.