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SURREY 179 SUSA SURREY, an inland county of south- east England. Area, 758 square miles. Pop. about 900,000. The county capital is Guildford (pop. about 25,000). The surface is hilly with a slope toward the Thames. The Mole and Way are the principal streams. The northern half of the county is fertile, hops and wheat be- ing the chief crops. Market gardening is carried on extensively. The western and southwestern part is covered to a great extent with heath. The manufac- turing enterprises are of importance and include beer, cloth, leather, paper, pot- tery, and silk. As a result of its pic- turesque scenery the county is one of the most favored residential districts of Lon- don business men. SURROGATE, generally a deputy, a substitute, a delegate, a person appointed to act for another; specifically, the deputy of an ecclesiastical judge, most commonly of a bishop or his chancellor, who grants marriage licenses and pro- bates. Also an officer who presides over the probate of wills and testaments and the settlement of estates. SURTEES, ROBERT, an English his- torian; born in Durham, April 1, 1779; was graduated at Oxford (1800), and studied law at the Middle Temple till by his father's death in 1802 he came into the Mainsforth property. Thenceforth he devoted himself to writing his "His- tory and Antiquities of the County Pala- tine of Durham" (3 vols. 1816-1823), to the fourth volume (1840) of which, com- pleted by the Rev. J. Baine, a "Memoir" by G. Taylor is prefixed. Surtees died Feb. 11, 1834, and in the same year was founded the Surtees Society for editing unpublished MSS. chiefly relating to the Northern Counties. SURVEYING, the act or art of deter- mining the boundaries, form, area, posi- tion, contour, etc., of any portion of the earth's surface, tract of country, coast, etc., by means of measurements taken on the spot; the art of determining the form, area, surface, contour, etc., of any portion of the earth's surface, and de- lineating it accurately on a map or plan. Land surveying is the art of applying the principles of geometry and trigonom- etry to the measurement of land. The principal operations are laying down or driving base lines and triangles on either side of the base. In large surveys it is desirable to lay down these triangles by measuring each angle with an instru- ment called the Theodolite (g. v.)., by which the accuracy of the measurement of the sides may be checked. Geodesic surveying comprises all the operations of surveying carried on under the sup- position that earth is spheroidal. It em- braces marine surveying. Marine or hydrographical surveying ascertains the forms of coast lines, har- bors, etc., and of objects on the shore, the entrances to harbors, channels, their depth, width, etc., the position of shoals, the depth of water thereon. Mining sur- veying may be either for the purpose of determining the situation and position of the shafts, galleries, and other under- ground excavations of a mine already in existence; or it may be for determining the proper positions for the shafts, gal- leries, etc., of a mine not yet opened. Railway surveying is a comprehensive term, embracing surveys intended to as- certain the best line of communication between two given points; it also in- cludes all surveys for the construction of aqueducts for the supply of water to towns, etc. Topographical surveying em- braces all the operations incident to find- ing the contour of a portion of the earth's surface, and the various methods of representing it upon a plane surface. When only a general topographical map of a country is wanted, it is, in general, sufficient to survey the country with ref- erence to its fields, roads, rivers, etc. SURYA, the sun god of Hindu mythology. SUSA, one of the capitals of ancient Persia; was situated on the Choaspes, and has now been identified with the ex- tensive ruins on the left bank of the Kerkha, about 250 miles S, E. of Bag- dad. It had a circumference of 120 stadia, and like Babylon was built of burnt bricks cemented with asphalt. It was without walls, but its citadel, con- taining the treasury and mausoleum of the Persian kings, was strongly fortified. The founder of Susa is not known with certainty, but it was at least much en- larged by Darius Hystaspes, the ruins of whose palace, repaired by Artaxerxes Longimanus, have been excavated by Loftus and Williams. From the time of Cambyses Susa was a favorite residence of the Persian kings. After Alexander and his successors had fixed their court at Babylon Susa declined in importance, though when besieged by Antigonus in 315 B. c. it was still one of the chief cities of Persia, and even as late as the middle of the 7th century A. D. it offered under Hormuzan an obstinate resistance to the Saracens; but in the 13th century it had become a heap of ruins. The most im- portant of these ruins are those of the palace of Darius, the colonnade of which has a frontage of 343 feet and a depth of 244. In general construction it ex-