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TAIPINGS 232 TAKAMINE reach them and the leaders were obliged to retreat toward Nanking in 1855. From this time the rebel cause began to decay. The moral enthusiasm which had distinguished it in Kwang-hsi dis- appeared. The imperial government, moreover, rallied its forces, and a desperate struggle ensued between them and the rebels. How the struggle would have ended was still uncertain, when the imperialists began to call in the assistance of for- eigners. A body of men of different nationalities entered their service under an American, Frederick T. Ward. He was a very capable man, and did the imperialists good service till he was killed in 1862. Then the British authori- ties at Shanghai were prevailed on to organize a more effective force, and to put the whole auxiliary movement under the direction of Col. Charles ("Chinese") Gordon. The Taipings fought with tiie courage of despair. Nanking was in- vested by the imperialists and taken at last on July 19, 1864. Hung, the leader of the rebels, was not found. It is sup- posed that he killed himself by poison a few weeks before rather than become a captive. See GORDON, Charles. TAIT, ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, Archbishop of Canterbury; born in Ed- inburgh, Scotland, Dec. 21, 1811; was educated at the Edinburgh Academy and Glasgow University, whence he passed as a Snell exhibitioner to Balliol College, Oxford. In due time he became fellow and tutor, and was one of the four tu- tors w^ho in 1841 protested against New- man's "Tract 90.'^ In 1842 he was ap- pointed successor to Dr. Arnold as head master of Rugby, in 1849 became Dean of Carlisle, and in 1856 Bishop of Lon- don, as successor to Blomfield. Here he did much to bring the teaching of the Church home to the people. A friend of compromise, though a foe to needless innovations, he promoted moderate measures; and though strongly hostile to Colenso's views, intervened to secure him fair play. The same love of the via media, he manifested when (having declined the archbishopric of York in 1862) he was in 1868 made primate of all England by Mr. Disraeli. He assisted in composing the strifes raised by the question of Irish disestablishment, but was less successful with the Public Wor- ship Regulation Act and the Burials Bill. He took a keen interest in missions, and greatly helped to extend and improve the organization of the Church in the colonies. The Lambeth Conference of 1878 took place under his auspices. He died Dec. 3, 1882. Among his many pub- lications were: "The Dangers and Safe- guards of Modern Theology" (1861), and "The Word of God and the Ground of Faith" (1863). TAIWAN, the native name for the island of Formosa (q. v.). TAI-YUEN, a town of China, capital of Shan-si; on the Fuen-Ho, an affluent of the Hoangho, 250 miles S. W. of Pe- king. For many years the residence of the emperors, it is noted for its magnifi- cent mausoleums. The chief manufac- tures are sword blades and knives. TAJ MAHAL, or MEHAL ("Gem of Buildings"), a famous mausoleum, erected at Agra, India, by Shah Jehan for his favorite wife. It is 186 feet square with the corners cut off, and con- sists of two tiers of arches, with a single- arched porch in the middle of each side, the whole surmounted by a dome 58 feet in diameter and about 210 feet in height, flanked by 4 octagonal kiosks. The in- terior is divided into four domed cham- bers in the corners, and a large central arcaded octagon, all connecting by cor- ridors. The central octagon contains two cenotaphs surrounded by a very notice- able openwork marble rail. The only light admitted enters through the deli- cately pierced marble screens of the win- dows. The decoration is especially no- ticeable for the stone mosaics of flower themes and arabesques, much of them in agate, jasper, and bloodstone. The en- tire structure stands on a white marble platform 18 feet high and 313 feet square, with tapering cylindrical min- arets 133 feet high at the corners. TAKAHIBA, KOGORO, a Japanese diplomat; bom in Iwate, in 1854. After holding several minor positions in the diplomatic service, he became consul- general in New York, in 1891. He after- wards served as minister at The Hague, Rome, and Vienna. In 1899 he was as- sistant foreign minister of Japan. In the following year he was appointed min- ister at Washington, serving until 1905. In that year he was one of the Japanese representatives at the Peace Conference. He was made a member of the House of Peers, in 1906. In 1907 he was ap- pointed ambassador to Italy, and was ambassador to the United States in 1908-1909. TAKAMINE, JOKICHI, a Japanese- American chemist; born at Takaoka, Japan, in 1854. He was educated at the Engineering College of the Imperial University of Tokio and at the Univer- sitv of Glasgow, and the Andersonian University, Glasgow. From 1881 to 1884