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TALLEYBAND-PilRlOOBD 236 TALLOW TREE 1804 he was appointed to the office of grand-chamberlain, and in 1806 was cre- ated Prince of Benevento. After the peace of Tilsit in 1807 a coolness took place between him and Napoleon, and be- came more and more marked. In 1808 he secretly joined a royalist committee. In 1814 he procured Napoleon's abdica- tion, and afterward exerted himself very effectually in re-establishing Louis XVIII. on the throne of his ancestors. He took part in the Congress of Vienna, and in 1815, when the allies again en- tered Paris, he became president of the council witii the portfolio of foreign af- fairs; but as he objected to sign the sec- ond peace of Paris he gave in his resig- nation. After this he retired into pri- vate life, in which he remained for 15 years. When the revolution of July, 1830, broke out, he advised Louis Philippe to place himself at its head and to accept the throne. Declining the of- fice of minister of foreign affairs he pro- ceeded to London as ambassador, and crowned his career by the formation of the Quadruple Alliance. He resigned in November, 1834, and quitted public life forever. He died in Paris May 17, 1838. His "Memoirs" were published in 1891. TALLIEN, JEAN LAMBERT, a French revolutionist; born in Paris in 1769. His talent for writing and speak- ing soon brought him to the front at the Revolution. After being for some time connected with the "Moniteur," he be- came editor of the "Ami des Citoyens," a journal after the fashion of Marat's "Ami du Peuple." A prominent Jacobin, he became after Aug. 10 secretary of the Insurrectionary Commune, was one of the leading "Septembrists," and af- terward eloquently defended the mas- sacres he had promoted. His services on this occasion gained him a seat in the Convention, where he of course joined the Mountain, and was an earnest de- fender of Marat, and a savage advocate for the execution of the king. Sent by the Convention to Bordeaux and the W. departments in 1794, he at first distin- guished himself by a cruelty and proflig- acy worthy of the most infamous of the Terrorists. In the prison of Bordeaux, however, he met the beautiful Madame de Fontenay, nee Senhorita Tereza de Cabarrus, for whom he conceived a violent passion, and liberated from prison. Recalled to Paris, he managed by an assumption of revolutionary fervor to avoid an immediate downfall, but the hatred and suspicion of Robespierre were not allayed. Madame de Fontenay was imprisoned. Tallien placed himself at the head of the party afterward known as the Thermidorians, vigorously at- tacked the triumvirate of terror, and ul- timately brought about its downfall. From this point his political influence declined. Madame de Fontenay, on the other hand, whom he now married, be- came the most prominent personage in Parisian society. Tallien continued in the legislature till 1798, when he accom- panied Bonaparte to Egypt in the char- acter of a savant. The ship in which he was returning was captured by an English cruiser, and he was feted by the Whig party in London in 1801. In 1802 he was divorced from his wife, who afterward married the Prince de Chimay, and died Nov. 16, 1831. Tallien, after holding for some years the post of French consul at Alicante, died in Paris Nov. 16, 1820, in poverty and obscurity. TALLMAN, CLAY, an American pub- lic official, born in Ionia co., Mich., in 1874. He was educated at Michigan Ag- ricultural College, the University of Col- orado, and the University of Michigan. From 1895 to 1902 he taught in the public schools. Beginning the practice of law in 1905 at Rhyolite, Nev., he be- came interested in politics, and from 1908 to 1912 was a member of the Ne- vada Senate, from 1910 to 1911 chairman of the Democratic State Central Com- mittee of Nevada and in 1912 an unsuc- cessful candidate for Congress. In April, 1913, he was appointed chief law officer of the reclamation service, and in June of the same year commissioner of the general land office. TALLOW, in chemistry, a name ap- plied to the harder and less fusible fats occurring chiefly in the animal kingdom, the most common being beef and mutton tallow. When pure it is white and al- most tasteless, and consists of stearin, palmitin, and olein in varying pro- portions. Tallow is of two kinds, viz., white and yellow candle tallow, and common soap tallow. The white candle tallow, when good, is brittle, dry and clean. Yellow candle tallow, when good, should be clean, dry, hard when broken, and of a fine yellow color throughout. Soap tallow is used for making soap, and for greasing machinery. A great deal of tallow is also used for the dressing of leather. TALLOW TREE, the Stillingia sebi- fera, a native of China. The leaves are rhomboidal, tapering at the tip, with two glands at the top of the petiole. The fruits are about half an inch in diam- eter, and have three seeds, which are covered by a kind of wax used in China, for making candles, whence the name tallow tree. They are boiled in large