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TALLOW TREE 237 TALMAGE cauldrons, then sufficiently bruised to enable the fat to be removed without breaking the seeds, and pressed. The candles made from this wax are coated with bees' wax to prevent them from melting in hot weather. The wood is hard, and used for printing blocks, and the leaves for dyeing black. Also Vate- ria indica, a native of the Malabar coast, which jaelds white dammer. TALLY, a notched stick employed as a means of keeping accounts. In buying or selling it was customary for the par- ties to the transaction to have two sticks, or one stick cleft longitudinally into two parts, on each of which was marked with notches or cuts the number or quality of goods delivered, or the amount due be- tween debtor and creditor, the seller keeping one stick and the buyer the oth- er. The mode of keeping accounts by tallies was introduced into England by the Normans, 1066. Besides accounts, other records were formerly kept on notched sticks, as almanacs, in which red- letter days were signified by a large notch, ordinary days by small notches, etc. Such were formerly very common in most European countries. In England tallies were long issued in lieu of certi- ficates of indebtedness to creditors of the state. The system of issuing exchequer tal- lies was abolished by an act of George III., and by acts of William IV., the accumulated tallies were ordered to be destroyed. They were accordingly burned in a stove in the House of Lords, but the stove being over-heated, unfor- tunately set fire to the paneling of the room, and the Houses of Parliament were destroyed. Anything made to cor- respond with or suit another. A label or ticket of wood or metal used in gardens for the purpose of bearing eith- er the name of the plant to which it is attached, or a number referring to a cat- alogue. Also, a certain number of cabbages. TALMA, JOSEPH FRANpOIS (tal- ma'), a French actor; born in Paris, France, Jan. 15, 1763. He was educated at Mazarin College, and afterward went to London with his father, a dentist; studied in the hospitals there, and on re- turning to Paris was apprenticed to a dentist. He had been on the stage, how- ever, both in London and Paris, and made his professional debut Nov. 21, 1787, at the Comedie Fran^aise. He founded, with a few others, the theater afterward known as the Theatre de la Republique. He won his fame as a tra- gedian, but made many improvements in the naturalness of stage productions. He wrote "Memoirs of Lekain, and Reflec- tions on that Actor and the Theatric Art" (1825), which was republished in 1856 under a slightly different title. His own "Memoirs" were edited by Alex- andre Dumas (1856). He died in Paris Oct. 19, 1826. TALMADGE, JAMES EDWARD, an American geologist, born at Hungerford, Berkshire, England, in 1862. He came to the United States in 1876 and became a member of the Mormon Church. He was educated at Brigham Young Acad- emy, Lehigh University and Johns Hop- kins University. From 1884 to 1888 he was professor of chemistry and geology at Brigham Young Academy; from 1888 to 1893 president of Latter Day Saints College; and from 1894 to 1897 president of the University of Utah. After his resignation from the presidency he re- tained the chair of geology until 1907, since which time he has been a consult- ing and mining geologist. He was also director of the Deseret Museum, Salt Lake City, from 1891 to 1919, and was ordained one of the twelve apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1911. He traveled exten- sively in Europe and frequently lectured in the British Isles on geology and other features of life in the western United States. He was a member of various British and American geographical and geological societies and wrote, besides many articles on geological and micro- scopical subjects in technical journals: "First Book of Nature" (1888) ; "Domes- tic Science" (1891); "The Articles of Faith" (1899) ; "The Book of Mormon, an Account of Its Origin, Etc," (1899) ; "Tables for Blowpipe Determination of Minerals" (1899) ; "The Great Salt Lake, Present and Past" (1900) ; "The Story of Mormonism" (1907) ; "The Great Apostasy" (1909) ; "The House of the Lord" (1912) ; "The Philosophy of Mor- monism" (1914) ; "Jesus the Christ" (1915) ; "The Vitality of Mormonism" (1P19). TALMAGE, THOMAS DE WITT, an American clergyman; born in Bound Brook, N. J., Jan. 7, 1832 ; was graduated at the New Brunswick Theological Sem- inary in 1856; and ordained pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church in Belleville, N. J., in the same year. He was pastor of the Central Presbyterian Church in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1869-1894, during which time this well-known place of wor- ship was three times destroyed by fire. Feeling himself unable to build another church edifice, he resigned his charge and spent some time in Europe; becom ing on his return associate and later Cyc — Vol. IX