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THEODORIC II. 340 THEODOSITJS I., THE GEEAT Visigoths, and advanced almost as far as the Loire. He was killed in 466. THEODORTJS. See Theodore of MOPSUESTIA. THEODORUS STUDITA (THEODORE OF Studium: Saint), a Greek theolog- ical writer, abbot of Studium, was born A.D. 759 at Constantinople. He became head of the mona "-ery of Saccudium in Bithynia, was banished to Thessalonica soon afterward for having excommuni- cated Constantine VI, but was recalled after the emperor's death in 797. At the monastery of Studium in Constanti- nople, he then became the leader of a campaign in favor of asceticism and monastic reforms. He opposed the iconoclasts (see Iconoclast), was in- volved in many ecclesiastical controver- sies and was banished and recalled sev- eral times during the years 809-824. He finally left Constantinople and lived at various monasteries in Bithjmia, on Chalcitis and on the peninsula of Try- phon near Acrita, where he died, Novem- ber 11, 826. His Letters, Catecheses, and various discourses are among his most important works. He was famous for his industry in copying manuscripts. THEODORUS, I., Pope, succeeded John IV. in 642. He excommunicated Paulus, patriarch of Constantinople, and condemned the heresy of the Monothe- lites. His successor was Martin I. He died in 649. THEODORUS II., succeeded Romanus in 898, but died in less than a month after his election. THEODOSITJS THE ELDER, a Span- iard by birth and a skillful Roman gen- eral; was sent to Britain in A. D. 367 to repel the inroads of the Caledonians and restore order to the diocese. He made London his headquarters, and was so suc- cessful in his undertakings that he formed the country between Hadrian's Wall and the Forth and Clyde into a new province of the empire, called Valentia in honor of the reigning emperors. After a victorious campaign on the Upper Danube against the Alemanni he quelled a formidable revolt in Africa under Firmus the Moor, and was executed at Carthage in 376 on some unknown and probably groundless charge. THEODOSIUS I., THE GREAT, son of Theodosius the Elder; one of the most notable and most capable of the later Ro- man emperors; bom in Cauca, Spain, about 346; served under his father in Britain, Germany, and Africa, and won fame as a general by his exploits in Moesia. On his father's death he retired to his native farm, whence he was sum- moned by Gratian to become his col- league in the purple and emperor in the East (379). It was a critical time. The Goths, too numerous and formidable to be attacked en masse, flushed, too, with their recent Cannselike victory at Ad- rianople and the total defeat of his pre- decessor Valens, were roaming the coun- try at will. His military reputation was equal to the strain. He made Thessa- lonica his headquarters, and within four years broke up the vast Gothic army, attached many of its members to the empire as faithful soldiers and allies, and restored tranquillity to the troubled coun- try S. of the Danube. A serious illness in 380 led to his bap- tism as a Trinitarian, and, as a conse- quence, to the restoration of the religious unity of the empire and the promulgation of various edicts against Arianism and other heresies. He appointed Gregory Nazianzen Archbishop of Constantinople, and summoned the second general coun- cil, which met there (381) to supplement the labors of Nicasa. The murder of Gra- tian at Lyons, the advance toward Italy of the upstart Maximus proclaimed em- peror in Britain, and the arrival of Va- lentinian II. (with his mother Justina and his sister Galla) begging for help led to Theodosius' marriage with Galla, to his victory at Aquileia (388), and to the restoration of his youthful colleague. Hereafter for some years Theodosius lived at Milan enjoying the friendship and respect of its bishop St. Ambrose. Theodosius was able, just, even gener- ous, virtuous, and religious, but inclined to indolence and of a passionate temper. He had canceled, on the entreaties of its bishop and the penitence and humiliation of its leading citizens, the severe meas- ures meted out to Antioch after a riot (387) in which the imperial statues had been contemptuously overthrown; but in 390, when the governor of Thessalonica was lynched by a circus mob for his pun- ishment of a brutal but favorite chariot- eer, Theodosius, in spite of expostula- tions, ordered the people of the city to be invited into the circus and there massa- cred. At least 7,000 were thus put to death. Thereupon Ambrose wrote to Theodosius upbraiding him for the deed, and later withstood his attempt to enter the church at Milan. The bishop only readmitted the emperor to the sacrament after eight months' retirement and pub- lic penance performed in the face of the whole congregation. In 392 Valentinian II. was murdered and in 394 Theodosius, then at Constantinople, again marched W., this time against the Frankish gen- eral Arbogast and his puppet. Emperor