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THEODOSITTS I., THE GREAT 341 THEOPHILANTHBOPHY Eugenius, After a stubborn fight at the Frigidus river, lasting two days, Theodo- sius gained a complete victory, and for four months ruled as sole Roman em- peror. He expired in the arms of Am- brose on Jan. 17, 395. Almost imme- diately thereafter followed the barbarian invasions of Greece and Italy, which led directly to the subsequent Teutonic set- tlements in the S. and indirectly to the formation of the kingdoms of modem Europe. THEODOSITJS II., son of Arcadius, and grandson of Theodosius I.; succeeded his father in 408, in the Empire of the East. The government was carried on, during the greater part of his reign, by his sister Pulcheria. In his reign was compiled and published the celebrated code of laws, styled after him the "Theodosian Code." He died in 450. THEODOSIUS III., Emperor of Con- stantinople; nominated in succession to Anastasius II., 716. After a reign of two years he abdicated in favor of Leo III. THEOGNIS OF M E G A R A (the-og'nis) , a Greek elegiac poet; flour- ished in the latter half of the 6th century B. c. There are 1,389 verses preserved under his name, of importance in ena- bling us to understand the state of parties and the problems of society in the Greece of that time. THEOLOGY, a term applied by the classic authors to treatises on the nature and worship of the gods, such as the "Works and Days" of Hesiod, and the "On the Nature of the Gods" of Cicero. Augustine quotes Eusebius and Varro as dividing theology into three kinds: the fabulous, that of the poets; the natural, that of the philosophers; and the politi- cal, that of the priests and the common people. The first and second kinds could be changed according to the will of the investigators; but the last could not be altered without national consent. In Christianity, theology is the science which treats of divine things, especially of the relations of man to God. Theology is primarily divided into natural and supernatural, or revealed; the former de- duced by reason from a survey of the universe, the latter founded on revela- tion. Natural religion is recognized in Scripture (Ps. xix: 1-6, Rom. i: 19, 20), and is held to establish the being, power, wisdom, and goodness of God, the obliga- tion of His moral law and the folly and danger of transgressing it, and the im- mortality of the soul. Revealed religion is considered to superadd to these doc- trines those of the Trinity, the creation and fall of man, the penalty of sin, the mission, work, and atoning death of Christ, His resurrection, ascension, and second advent, with many other doc- trines. Before a theology embracing the teaching of the Bible on thuse subjects can be constructed, the following sciences are required : Biblical criticism, to ascer- tain the exact text of certain works claiming to be inspired, and, if possible, their time, place, and human authorship; apologetics, to establish and defend their claim to inspiration ; hermeneutics, to in- vestigate the principles of interpretation; exegesis, to carry those principles into practice by actual interpretation. Dog- matic theology follows; its province be- ing to bring together and classify the doctrines scattered through the Bible; polemic theology defends these against adversaries; practical theology reduces them to practice, and pastoral theology investigates the most approved methods of presenting them to the people. The New Testament theology consti- tutes the chief basis of the theologies of all churches. It was followed by that of the Apostolic Fathers, and then by that of the Fathers in general. It varied ac- cording to the idiosyncrasy of the several writers. The application of the comman- dants of the moral law to individual conduct gave rise to moral theology. The Protestant theology, which commenced with Luther and Zwingli, was professed-. ly founded on Scripture, interpreted by private judgment, the right of exercising which was boldly asserted; that of the Roman Catholics was founded on the consensus of the Fathers, the decisions of councils, and of the Holy See, and not on the results of individual investigation. Fearless and resolute exercise of private judgment in Germany, Holland, the Prot- estant cantons of Switzerland, etc., has resulted in rationalism, which has also arisen in most continental countries in union with Rome, by a reaction against authority. In the Methodist, Baptist, Re- formed Episcopal, Presbyterian and Eng- lish dissenting churches, evangelical the- ology is generally accepted, though here and there more or less latent rationalism prevails. THEOPHANY, specially the appear- ance of God to the patriarchs in the form of an angel or in human form; also the incarnation and second coming of Christ. THEOPHILANTHROPY, in compara- tive religions, the name given to a sys- tem of natural religion which arose in the time of the first French Republic, and which had for its cardinal doctrines the adoration of God and love of man. In 1796 five heads of families — Chemin, Mareau, Janes, Hauy, and Mandar — as'