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THOMAS 359 THOMAS uated at the United States Military Academy in 1840, took part in the Florida War in 1840-1842, and the war with Mexico in 1846-1848; participated in the Seminole campaign in 1849-1850; and served on frontier duty in California and Texas in 1850-1860. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was made a colonel of Cavalry and took part in the opera- tions in the Shenandoah valley in the summer of 1861, and later as commander of a division in the Army of the Ohio was actively engaged in the operations in Tennessee and Mississippi. After- ward, under General Rosecrans, as com- mander of a corps of the Army of the Cumberland, he engaged in the battles of Murfreesboro and Chickamauga, and in 1863, as commander of the Army of the Cumberland, he bore an important part in the battle of Missionary Ridge and in the Atlanta campaign under Sherman. In October, 1864, he was sent to Nash- ville to oppose the Confederates under Hood, whom he finally defeated before Nashville, Dec. 15, 1864. For his ser- vices in these operations he was pro- moted Major-General; received the thanks of Congress, and was presented with a gold medal by the State of Ten- nessee. After the war he commanded the Department of the Tennessee; was chief of the 3d Military District, com- prising Georgia, Florida, and Alabama, and in 1868 was placed in command of the 4th Military Division, comprising the territory of the Pacific and Alaska, and continued in this capacity till his death, in San Francisco, Cal., March 28, 1870. THOMAS, JESSE BURGESS, an American clergyman; born in Edwards- ville. 111., July 29, 1832; was graduated at Kenyon College in 1850; practised law in Chicago, 111., in 1857-1862; was or- dained in the Baptist Church; pastor of the First Baptist Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1864-1869 and 1874-1888 and of the Michigan Avenue Baptist Church, Chicago, 1869-1874. He accepted the chair of Church History at Newton Theo- logical Institution in 1888. He was the author of "The Old Bible and the New Science"; "The Mould of Doctrine"; and "Significance of the Historical Element in Scripture." He died in 1915. THOMAS, JOHN, an American mili- tary officer; born in Marshfield, Mass., in 1725; was appointed a surgeon in the army in 1746; served on the medical staff of General Shirley's regiment in 1747; became colonel of provincials in 1759, and in 1760, in command of a regiment under General Amherst, was engaged in operations against the French at Lake Champlain and at Montreal. During the Revolutionary War he raised a regiment of volunteers and was appointed Briga- dier-General; took part in the siege of Boston; forced the British to evacuate Dorchester; and participated in the Ca- nadian campaign. He died in Chambly, Canada, June 2, 1776. THOMAS, JOHN LLOYD, an Ameri- can humanitarian; born at Witton Park, England, 1857. As a boy he came to this country and finished his education in Utica, N. Y. In 1888 he removed to New York City and became a newspaper writer and editor. In 1896 he became manager of the Mills Hotels and Model Dwellings Corporation, which position he has held ever since. He has lectured on social questions in Canada and Great Britain and throughout this country. For several years he was secretary of the National Prohibition Party. He has made a special study of housing for the working classes in European countries, on which subject he has lectured and written extensively. THOMAS, JOHN MARTIN, an Amer- ican college president; born in Fort Cov- ington, N. Y., 1869. He graduated from the Union Theological Seminary in 1893, after which he was ordained a Presby- terian minister, becoming pastor in East Orange, N. J., where he remained until 1908. In that year he was appointed president of Middlebury College in Ver- mont. From 1910 until 1914 he was chairman of the Vermont State Board of Education. He is the author of "The Christian Faith and the Old Testament" (1908). During the world war he served as chaplain in the United States Army, with the rank of first lieutenant. THOMAS, JOSEPH, an American lexicographer; born in Cayuga co., N. Y., Sept. 23, 1811. He was with Thomas Baldwin, author of "Baldwin's Pronounc- ing Gazetteer." In 1851-1852 appeared his first book of "Etymology," followed by an edition of Oswald's "Etymological Dictionary." In 1854 he prepared "A New and Complete Gazetteer of the United States"; and in 1855 "A Complete Geographical Dictionary of the World" (popularly known as "Lippincott's Gazet- teer of the World"). In 1864 appeared his comprehensive "Medical Dictionary"; and in 1870 his "Universal Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and Mythology." He died in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 24, 1891. THOMAS, M. CAREY, an American educator; bom in Baltimore, Md., Jan. 2, 1857; was graduated at Cornell Univers- ity in 1877; studied at Johns Hopkins University in 1877-1878, and in Germany