Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 09.djvu/450

TIBET 388 TIBULLXJS were corrected and much valuable geo- graphical knowledge was obtained. Preje- valski and other Russian explorers have done for northern Tibet what the pundits have done for the south. Among other explorers and travelers may be men- tioned Marco Polo, who made Tibet known to Europe in the 13th century; Bogle and Turner sent out by Warren Hastings in the 18th century; and in the 19th, Manning, Captain Strachey, the Jesuits Hue and Gabet, Bower, the broth- ers Schlagintweit, Miss Taylor, Dr. Sven Hedin and A. H. Savage Landor. Sikkim, a frontier State through which passes an important route from India into Tibet, became a British dependency in 1850. In 1888 it was attacked by a Tibetan force, and, as the Chinese gov- ernment declined and probably was un- able to interfere, the invaders were pun- ished by the Anglo-Indian troops. The question was finally settled in March, 1890. The Chinese disavowed the war and recalled their Ambah from Lhassa. Britain retained her possessions. In 1889-1890 the journey of M. Bonvalot and Prince Henri d'Orleans across central Asia from Kuldja to Tonking attracted the attention of French politicians and English merchants; but the practical ef- forts of the French to open a route to the Mekong river signally failed. In 1899 a Russian envoy paid a visit to the Dalai Lama in Lhassa, and the latter in turn sent a mission to St. Petersburg in 1900. In 1904-1905 Lhassa was reached by a small English armed force by fighting, and this force v/as withdrawn after Brit- ish terms were complied with. A pro- test made by China led to an Anglo- Chinese conference in 1906, which result* ed in China's suzerainty over Tibet. In 1911, during the Chinese Revolution, the Tibetans expelled the Chinese govern- ment. In 1912 the Anglo-Indian govern- ment protested against China's assumed sovereignty over Tibet, v/hich led to a tripartite conference ut Suila in 1913, but nothing satisfactory resulted and the question involved is still unsettled. TIBET DOG, or TIBET MASTIFF, a variety of Canis familiaris, about the size of a Newfoundland dog, but with a head resembling that of the mastiff, and having the flews large and pendent. The color is usually deep black, with a bright brown spot over each eye; the hair is long, and the tail bushy and well curled. This variety is extremely savage, and has been known from classic times, when it v.-as employed by the Romans, especially under the emperors, in the games of the circus. TIBIA, the shin bone, with the excep- tion of the femur, the longest bone in the skeleton. It is the anterior and inner of the two bones of the leg, and alone com- municates the weight of the trunk to the foot. It is slightly twisted, and articu- lates with the femur, fibula, and astraga- lus. Its superior extremity is thick and expanded, with two condylar surfaces supporting the femur, and an external and an internal tuberosity; the shaft is three-sided, the inner surface convex and subcutaneous; the inferior is smaller than the superior extremity, and forms a thick process called the internal mal- leolus. The tibia corresponds with the radius of the arm. In entomology, the fourth joint of the leg. In music, a kind of pipe, a common musical instru- ment among the Greeks and Romans. It had holes at proper intervals, and was furnished with a mouthpiece. TIBTJLLUS, ALBITJS, a Roman ele giac poet; born presumably in Gabii, about 54 B. c. His prsenomen and par- entage are unknown, though he was cer- tainly born to a considerable estate. His father seems to have died early, but his ALBIUS TIBULLUS mother and sister survived him. While still a youth he acquired the friendship of the orator, poet, and statesman, M. Valerius Messala, on whose staff he was commissioned by Augustus, 30 B. C, to crush a revolt in Aquitania. In this campaign the poet displayed capacity enough to win him distinction and dec- orations, but he disliked a soldier's life and spent his time after the war in Ro- man society and in retirement at Pe- dum. He fell in love with Plania, whose husband was on service in Cilicia. Un- der the sobriquet of Delia she is the heroine of his first book of elegies, but hia