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TIPPOO SAHIB 411 TIE.ee, or TYREE Hyder Ali; born in 1749. From tlic French officers in his father's service he acquired a considerable acquaintance with European military tactics. This knowledge he put to effective use during his father's various wars by complete- ly routing Colonel Bailey (1780 and 1782), and Colonel Braithwaite on the banks of the Coleroon (1782). On the death of his father he was crowned with little ceremony, returning at once to the head of his army, which was then en- gaged with the British near Arcot. In 1783 he captured and put to death most of the garrison of Bednur; but news of the peace between France and England having reached his French allies, they retired from active service, and Tippoo ultimately agreed to a treaty (1784) stipulating for the status quo before the war. He allowed his inveterate hatred of the English to overcome his judgment as to invade (1789) the protected state of Travancore. In the ensuing war (1790-1792) the British, under Colonel Stuart and Lord Cornwallis, were aided by the Mahrattas and the Nizam. He was ultimately compelled (1792) to re- sign one-half of his dominions, pay an indemnity of 8,030 lakhs of rupees, re- store all prisoners, and give his two sons as hostages for his fidelity. Neverthe- less, his secret intrigues in India against the British were almost immediately re- sumed; another embassy was sent to the French; and the invasion of Egypt by the latter in 1798 and Tippoo's machina- tions having become known to the gover- nor-general almost simultaneously, it was resolved to punish the perfidious Sultan. Hostilities commenced in March, 1799, and two months after, Tippoo was driven from the open field, attacked in his capi- tal of Seringapatam, and after a month's siege slain in the breach at the storming of the fort (May 4). TIPULA, the crane fly, the typical genus of Tiptilidce, The antennae have all the articulations, but the first almost cylindrical; the second globular. About 50 species are known from Europe. T. oleracea is the very common species called by children daddy long-legs. It is about an inch long, hoary brown, with four brown streaks on the thorax; the legs brownish-yellow, the thighs, tibiae, and tarsi blackish toward their ends. It de- posits about 300 shining black eggs in or on the ground. The larva?, called grubs and leather-jackets, are dingy gray or brownish worms destitute of feet; they feed on the roots of grasses and other plants, and are often very destructive. When full grown they are an inch or an inch and a half long. The change to the pupa state takes place underground; the pupa itself has respiratory tubes. A smaller species, T. hortulana, is common in gardens. The largest species in Eu- rope is the great craa< fly, T. gigantea, an inch and a quartei a length. TIPULIDiE, crane flies, a family of Nemocera. Antennae longer than the head, with 13 or m.ore joints, rarely pec- tinated. Compound eyes, rounded or oval; ocelli none. Front of the head beaked, proboscis short, fleshy; palpi four-jointed; abdomen and legs long and slender; wings with numerous veins, some of them cross veins. The larvae of most species live in rotton wood; a few are aquatic. Distribution world-wide. TIRABOSCHI, GIROLAMO (te-ra- bos'ke), an Italian historian of litera- ture; born in Bergamo, Italy, Dec. 28, 1731. He wrote a celebrated "History of Italian Literature" (14 vols., 1770- 1782), a work of wonderful erudition, accuracy, and completeness, extending from the first beginnings of modern cul- ture in Italy down to the 18th century, and dealing with every branch of litera- ture. Among his other writings are: "Historical Memoirs of Modena" (4 vols., 1793-1794). He died in Modena, June 3, 1794. TIRAILLEUR (ti-ra-yur'), a name originally applied in France during the Revolution of 1792 to light-armed bodies, who were thrown out from the main body to bring on an action, cover an attack, or generally to annoy or deceive the ene- my; a skirmisher, a sharpshooter. TIRE, an iron band around the fellies of a wheel. The circular continuous tire is of American origin. In Europe tires were till lately generally made in sec- tions arranged to break joints with the fellies. The rim tire is expanded by heat- in?, and then shrunk on so as to tightly compress the wheel, and bolted; in the sectional tire, bolts only are relied on to hold the parts together. Steel railway tires are always of the former kind. In- dia-rubber v/heel tires, solid and pneu- matic, are used on bicycles, automobiles, ambulances, light vehicles, and steam fire engines, for the purpose of decreasing the jar on the vehicle, and as a means of increasing the tractive adherence. TIREE, or TYREE, an island of the Hebrides, belonging to Argyleshire. It is about 14 miles long, and reaches 6 in breadth, is generally low, flat, and fertile, but has several heights of 400 feet. Agri- culture and fishing are the leading in- dustries.