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TISCHENDORF 413 TISSUE broken down by overwork in 1873. He died in Leipsic, Dec. 7, 1874. TISDALL, FITZGERALD, an Ameri- can educator; born in New York city, March 15, 1840; was graduated at the College of the City of New York in 1859 ; tutor in the Free Academy, New York, in 1860; director of Cooper Union Schools of Science and Art in 1870; and Profes- sor of Greek Language and Literature in the College of the City of New York after 1879. He lectured extensively; vis- ited Europe several times; and was a member and councillor of the American Institute of Archaeology and a member of the American Philological Association. TISBI, in the Jewish calendar, the first month of the civil, and the seventh of the ecclesiastical year. It correspond- ed to part of our September and October. The Great Day of Atonement and the Feast of Tabernacles fell vdthin its limits. Called in I Kings viii ; 2, Ethanim (=streaming rivers), because the rivers, swelled by the autumnal rains, were then in flood. The name tisri occurs in the Palmyrene inscriptions and was probably not confined to the Jews. TISSANDIER, GASTON (te-S07i^- dya'), a French aeronaut and chemist; born in Paris, France, Nov. 21, 1843. Besides textbooks of chemistry, he wrote for the "Library of Wonders," volumes on "Water," "Coal," "Fossils," "Photog- raphy"; in collaboration with Glaisher and Flammarion, "Aerial Voyages." He died Nov. 21, 1899. TISSOT, CLAUDE JOSEPH (te-so'), a French philosopher; born in Fourgs, Doubs, Nov. 26, 1801. He translated most of Kant's writings into French. Among his original works are: "Of the Beautiful, Especially in Literature" (1830) ; "Short History of Philosophy" (1840) ; "The Mania of Suicide and of Revolt" (1840) : "Parcelling of the Land and Division of Property" (1842) ; "Prin- ciples of Morality" (1866) ; "Catholicism and Public Instruction" (1874) ; "Insan- ity Considered Especially in its Relations to Normal Psychology" (1876). He died in Dijon, Oct. 7, 1876. TISSOT, PIERRE FRANgOIS, a French historian and miscellaneous writer; born in Versailles, France, in 1768. Among his works are: "Reminis- cences of Prairial 1st to 3d" (1799), an interesting page of French history; "Ver- gil's Bucolics," in French verse (1800) ; "The Three Irish Conspirators; or, Em- met's Shade" (1804) ; "The Wars of the Revolution to 1815" (1820); "Vergil Compared with Ancient and Modern AA Poets" (4 vols. 1825-1830) ; "Complete History of the French Revolution" (6 vols. 1833-1836). He died in 1854. TISSUE, a very fine transparent silk stuff used for veils; white or colored. It was formerly interwoven with gold or silver threads and embossed with figures. Also a very thin kind of paper and cloth interwoven with gold. In entomol- ogy, a European geometer moth, Scotosia dubitata. The fore wings have numer- ous transverse wavy lines; the larva feeds on buckthorn. In histology, a set of cells modified for the performance of a special function; the fabric of which the organs of plants and animals are composed. The struc- ture of tissues, with very few excep- tions, is imperceptible to the unassisted eye, and requires the aid of the micro- scope for its resolution. Tissues which are absent from plants occur in animals ; these are called animal tissues, and have a relation to movement or to sensation, as the muscles and nerves. But plants preserve, protect, and sustain themselves, and the corresponding tissues in animals are spoken of as the vegetable tissues ; of this kind are epithelium and bone. Tis- sues always present the same general ar- rangement in the same organism, but are combined in different ways in different organisms. In the lower forms of life, whether animal or vegetable, the distinc- tions between tissues become less and less obvious, and there are organisms so ex- tremely simple that the tissue of their bodies is of a uniform cellular charac- ter. Animal Tissues. — The term tissue is used in dealing with (a) the structure of organs, which are composed of various tissues; and (6) specially of the com- ponent parts of organs. In the first and wider sense, the anatomical individual is made up of osseous tissue, or bone; mus- cular tissue, or flesh; adipose tissue, or fat; cartilaginous tissue, or gristle; con- nective tissue, serving to bind the whole together ; and pigmentary tissue, or color- ing matter. In dealing vnth animal tis- sues in the strict sense, histological analy- sis shows them to be much more dif- ferentiated and elaborate in structure than those of plants. They may be divided into (a) Epithelium, consisting of nucleated protoplasmic cells, forming continuous masses, either arranged in a single layer, or stratified and forming several superimposed layers. The lining of the tubes and alveoli of secreting and excreting glands and the sensory or ter- minal parts of the organs of sense consist of epithelium. (6) Connective tissue, a name applied to a variety of tissues de- Cyc. Vol. IX