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TOMAHAWK 423 TOMLINSON ing through the length of the handle. As a nautical term, a poleax. To bury the tomahawk means to make peace; it being the custom of the Indians to bury the tomahawk during the time of peace; so to dig up the tomahawk means to go to war, to fall into dispute. TOMALES (-ma'les) BAY, an arm of the Pacific, on the coast of California, 35 miles N. W. of San Francisco. TOMATO, or LOVE APPLE {Lycopersicum esculentum), a plant of the natural order Solanacese, so named by Tournefort, but subsequently combined by Linnaeus with the genus Solanum^ now, however, recognized as a distinct genus under the name of the earlier bot- anist. It is distinguished from Solanum by the stamens having the anthers con- nected by a thin membrane, and by their cells opening in longitudinal slits on the sides, not in pores at the apex as in that genus. The fruit is fleshy, usually red or yellow. The tomato is one of a genus of several species, all natives of South America, chiefly on the Peruvian side. It is the only species in cultivation in Eu- rope, into which it was brought by the Spaniards in 1583. In the warmer coun- tries of Europe, the United States and other countries in which the summer is warm and prolonged, it has long been cultivated for the excellent qualities of the fruit as an article of diet. Though it was introduced into Great Britain as early as 1596, the consumption of its fruit there is still small as com- pared with some other European coun- tries and America. Like its near relative the potato, the tomato is subject to at- tacks of phytophthora — the potato-dis- ease fungus, and the fruit is liable to a disease also of fungus origin, which causes considerable loss to inexperienced growers, but rarely attack the plants of those who understand their treatment under glass. Its use in any way as food is considered beneficial in affections of the liver, indigestion, and diarrhoea. The word tomato is derived from the Span- ish-American name tamate, and the Eng- lish name love apple has arisen from its supposed aphrodisiac properties. TOMB, a monument erected over a grave, in order to mark the resting place, and preserve the memory, of the deceased. In early ages, and among the Eastern nations, it sometimes became the practice to place the remains of the dead in excavated sepulchers, whose interior was often decorated with painting or otherwise. Where the usage was to burn the dead their bones and ashes were placed in urns in these receptacles. Some of the most remarkable rock tombs were those of Egypt. The rocks tombs of Persia and Lycia have imposing architec- tural fagades. In the earlier centuries of Christianity the burial of the dead in churches was prohibited. The first step which led to its adoption was the custom of erecting churches over the graves of martyrs; then followed the permission of kings and emperors to be buried in the church porch. The most important tombs of the Middle Ages are generally within churches or cloisters. The earlier ex- amples consist of a simple stone coffin, or sarcophagus, often with a low gabled lid and a sculptured cross. An altar tomb, or tomb in the form of a table, followed; and in the 13th century a species of tomb was introduced, consist- ing of a sarcophagus, on which rests a recumbent figure of the deceased, the whole being surmounted by a canopy, often of exquisite symmetry and rich- ness. TOMBIGBEE, a river which rises in Tishomingo co.. Miss., and after an ir- regular course of 450 miles, joins the Alabama river 45 miles above Mobile; the united stream is called Mobile river below the junction. It is navigable for 410 miles from Mob:le Bay. TOM COD, or FROST FISH, a species of cod {Morrhua pruinosa) of the North Atlantic, usually abundant in the mouths of the rivers after the first frosts of autumn. It is from 4 to 12 inches long, olive-green above, and silvery below. TOME, JACOB, an American philanthropist; born in Manheim town- ship, York CO., Pa., Aug. 13, 1810; went to Port Deposit, Md., in 1833, and there began operations in lumber and grain which yielded him vast wealth. In 1864, as chairman of the Finance Committee of the Maryland Senate, he relieved the seemingly hopeless financial condition of the State and reduced its indebtedness to less than $1,000,000. In 1884 he pre- sented to Dickinson College, of which he was a trustee, a valuable building for scientific uses. His largest gift was for the foundation of the Jacob Tome Insti- tute, at Port Deposit, $1,600,000, a sum that was increased by his will to more than $3,500,000. He died in Port De- posit, Md., March 16, 1898. TOMLINSON, EVERETT TITS- WORTH, an American author, bom in Shiloh, N. J., in 1859. He entered Wil- liams College in the class of 1879, and after graduating became principal of the high school of Auburn, N. Y., then, in 1883, became headmaster of the pre- paratory department of Rutgers College,