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TOMLINSON 429 TONGA, or FRIENDLY ISLANDS In 1888 he devoted himself entirely to his literary work. Among his books are : "The Search for Andrew Field" (1894) ; "The Boy Soldiers of 1812" (1895); "Under Colonial Colors" (1902); "The Camp Fire of Mad Anthony" (1907) ; and "The Story of General Pershing" (1917). TOMMY ATKINS, a name given to privates of the British army. It is said to have originated in the custom of making out blanks for military accounts with the name, "I, Tommy Atkins/' etc. Kipling has immortalized it in verse. TOMPKINS, DANIEL D., an Ameri- can statesman; born in Fox Meadows, Westchester co., N. Y., June 21, 1774; was graduated at Columbia College in 1795 and admitted to the New York bar in 1796. He was a member of the legis- lature and the State Constitutional Con- vention in 1801; member of Congress in 1804, but soon he resigned to become Judge of the Supreme Court of New York. He was Governor in 1807-1817, and Vice-President of the United States in 1817-1825. He was a delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1821, contributed money and troops to the national government in the War of 1812, during which he commanded the 3d Mili- tary District; and in a message to the New York legislature in 1817, recom- mended the total abolition of slavery in that State, an act which brought about the passage of the bill against slavery which took effect on July 4, 1827. He died in Staten Island, N. Y., June 11, 1825. TOMSK, a town in Western Siberia, on the Tom; 2,809 miles E. of St. Peters- burg. Situated on the great trade route from Tiumen to Irkutsk, and near the main line of the Siberian railway, it has long been the seat of an important transit trade. Leather and carriages are manufactured; and a university was established in 1888. Great part of the town was burned in 1890. Pop. about 117,000. The province of Tomsk, ex- tending to the Chinese frontier, has an area of 331,159 square miles, more than 2^ times the size of Great Britain and Ireland, and a population about 4,000,000. TON, a denomination of weight equivalent to 20 hundredweights, or 2,240 pounds. In the United States goods are sometimes weighed by the short ton, of 2,000 pounds, the hundredweight being reckoned at 100 pounds, but it is decided by Act of Congress that, unless otherwise specified, a ton weight is to be understood as 2,240 pounds avoirdupois. BB TONAWANDA, a city of New York, in E-rie co. It is on the Niagara river, the Erie canal, and on the New York Central and the International railroads. It is an important lumber market and its industries include the manufacture of steel, lumber, paper boards, etc. It has an armory, a high school, a public library, and a park. Pop. (1910) 8,290; (1920) 10,068. TONAWANDA CREEK, a stream in Western New York which flows into the Niagara river 10 miles N. of Buffalo; length 75 miles. TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE, an Irish revolutionist; born in Dublin, Ireland, June 20, 1763; was educated at Trinity College; studied law in London, and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple (1789). He was an ardent sympathizer with the doctrines of the French Revolu- tion, and, having promoted the combina- tion of the Irish Catholics and Dissent- ers, founded the Society of United Irishmen in 1791. The discovery of his secret negotiations with France drove him to the United States (1795). He sailed for France in 1796, and became Brigadier-General in Hoche's projected expedition to Ireland. He served in the Bavarian army in 1797, and in 1798 was captured on board a French squadron bound for Ireland. He was taken to Dublin, and sentenced to death by a court-martial, but committed suicide in prison, Nov. 19, 1798. TONE-GAWA, the longest river in Japan; navigable for nearly 100 miles for flat-bottomed junks, but the coast is treacherous at its mouth, which is often closed by an impassable bar. It empties into the Pacific E. of Toyko; length, about 240 miles. TONGA, or FRIENDLY ISLANDS, a group in the S. Pacific Ocean, forming an archipelago of very considerable ex- tent, and consisting of more than 150 islands, the greater part of which are either mere rocks or shoals, or desert spots. Most of them are of coral forma- tion; but some of them are volcanic in their origin, and in Tofoa there is an active volcano. The principal member of the group is Tongatabu or Sacred Tonga. The Tonga Islands were dis- covered by Tasman in 1643, but were named by Captain Cook, from the firm alliance that seemed to subsist among the natives, and from their courteous be- havior to strangers. Among the products of the islands are yams, plantains, cocoa- nuts, hogs, fowls, fish, and all sorts of shell fish. The islands were first visited by missionaries in 1797. In 1827 the Cyc. Vol. ir