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TOURGEE 449 TOURNAY TOURGEE, ALBION WINEGAR, an American jurist and author; born in Williamsfield, O., May 2, 1838; was grad- uated at Rochester University, N. Y., in 1862; admitted to the bar, 1864, served in the Civil War in the Union army, and was wounded on two occasions; at the close of the war commenced the practice of law at Greensboro, N. C, and at the Southern loyalist convention at Philadelphia, 1866, drew up the report on the condition of the States lately in revolt. In 1868 he became judge of the Superior Court of North Carolina. Be- sides compiling "A Code of Civil Pro- cedure for North Carolina" he wrote "A Fool's Errand"; "An Appeal to Csesar"; "Bricks Without Straw"; "The Story of a Thousand"; "The Man Who Outlived Himself"; "Letters to a King"; etc. In 1897 he was appointed United States con- sul at Bordeaux, France. He died there May 21, 1905. TOURMALINE, a widely-distributed mineral, the transparent colored varieties being used as gem-stones. Its crystalli- zation, is rhombohedral, hemimorphic; prisms often triangular. Hardness, 7- 7.5; sp. gr. 2.94-3.3; luster, vitreous; col- or, shades of black the most frequent, but also blue, green, red, often of rich shades, sometimes red internally and shades of green externally. Composition: Very variable, the oxygen ratio for the protoxide and sesquioxide, and also for the boric acid, varying considerably. Dana distinguishes the following varie- ties: (1) Rubellite; shades of red, fre- quently transparent. (2) Indicolite; of an indigo-blue color. (3) Brazilian sap- phire of jewelers; Berlin blue. (4) Bra- zilian emerald, Chrysolite or Peridot) ; green and transparent. (5) Peridot of Ceylon; honey-yellow. (6) Achroite; col- orless. (7) Aphrizite; black. (8) Col- umnar and black, without cleavage or trace of fibrous texture. A series of an- alyses and sp. gr. determinations, made by Rammelsberg, has suggested the fol- lowing subdivisions: (1) Magnesia tour- maline, mean sp. gr. 3-3.07; (2) Iron- magnesia tourmaline, mean sp. gr. 3.11; (3) Iron-tourmaline, sp. gr. 3.13-3.25; (4) Iron-manganese-lithia tourmaline, mean sp. gr. 3.083; (5) Lithia tourma- line, mean sp. gr. 3.041. The blowpipe reactions vary with the composition, which is essentially a boro-silicate of protoxide and sesqui-oxide. Occurs in granites, notably the albitic varieties, schists, and dolomite. TOURNAMENT, an encounter be- tween armed knights on horseback in time of peace, as an exercise of skill (which was rewarded by honorary dis- tinctions), and usually an adjunct of some great event, as a royal marriage, etc. The tournament was one of the most cherished institutions of the Middle Ages, furnishing, as it did, an exciting show, and giving the combatants an oppor- tunity of exhibiting their skill, courage and prowess before their friends. The arms employed were usually lances with- out heads, and with round braces of wood at the extremity, and swords with- out points and with blunted edges. Oc- casionally, however, the ordinary arms of warfare were used, and it not in- frequently happened that the tourna- ment ended in a hostile encounter. Cer- tain qualifications of birth were required for admission to the tournaments. The place of combat was the lists, a large open space surrounded by a rope or railing, and having galleries erected around for the spectators, the heralds, and the judges. The tilting armor was of light fabric, and generally adorned with some device of a lady's favor. The prizes were delivered to the successful knights by the queen of beauty, who had been chosen by the ladies or ap- pointed by the king. In modern usage, a competition or con- test of skill, in which a number of indi- viduals take part; as, military tourna- ment; cycling tournament; billiard tour- nament, etc. TOURNAY, a towm in the Belgian province of Hainault; on the Scheldt; near the French frontier; 35 miles W. S. W. of Brussels. Its splendid Roman- esque cathedral, 400 feet long, has five towers and pictures by Jordaens, Rubens, and Gallait; and there are also the churches of St. Quentin and St. Brice (with the grave of King Childeric), the belfry (1190), and a bronze statue (1863) of the Princess d'Epinoy, who in 1581 valiantly defended Tournay against Parma. Though one of the old- est towns in Belgium, it has quite a mod- ern appearance, with fine suburbs and beautiful broad streets. The chief man- ufactures are hosiery, linen, Brussels carpets, and porcelain ; but there are few large workshops, most of the fabrics be- ing executed by the people in their own houses. Tournay, the ancient Torna- cum, or Turris Nerviorum, was in the 5th and the beginning of the 6th cen- tury the seat of the Merovingian kings, subsequently belonged to France, but in 1526 was included in the Spanish Nether- lands. During May, 1794, it was the scene of several hotly contested fights between the French and Austro-English armies, the most important of which was that of May 19, in which Pichegru beat